AP Bio: Protein Synthesis

polyribosomes

ribosomes that trail the mRNA

splicosome

removes introns with a small complex of proteins and small RNA (acts like DNA liagase)

RNA splicing

removal of large portions of the initially synthesized RNA molecule

introns

noncoding segments

exons

coded segments

TATA box

DNA sequencer in promoter

transcription initiation complex

promoter

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

terminator

sequence that signals the end of transcription

transcription

synthesis of RNA using info in DNA, done in nucleolus

translations

synthesis of a polypeptide using the newly formed RNA in the form of mRNA

protein synthesis

making of proteins (anabolism)

start codon

AUG

mRNA

messenger RNA, brings code of protein to the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA, moves amino acids to ribosome, clover shaped, stable but fewer than rRNA/ carries one anticodon in the head of the clover

why can RNA be an enzyme

1. 3D folding (through hydrogen bonding)

2. bases have functional groups (reactive section)

3. open to random hydrogen bonding

transcription catalysts

RNA polymerase 2, initiation factors

4 parts of the transcription complex

1. promoter

2. TATA box

3. initiation factors

4. RNA polymerase 2

where does transcription get its energy

RNA tri-phosphate tail

cistron

codes the mRNA, made of the start/ exons/ stop

translation initiation complex

AUG, tRNA carrying amino acid, small RNA, large RNA, initiation enzymes

what happens in translation termination?

the large and small RNAs split, the codon chain reaches the stop codon, the tRNAs release the amino acid chain, and the tRNAs release from the large RNA

energy for translation comes from where?

GTP

where does protein synthesis occur?

ribosome

types of organisms that use protein synthesis

all living things except viruses

important product of protein synthesis

protein

ingredients in protein synthesis

1. DNA (recipe)

2. amino acids (building blocks, monomers)

3. mRNA (codons)

4. tRNA (truck)

5. rRNA (hooks mRNA and tRNA)

shape of tRNA and what it carries

clover/ head: anticodon/ arms: amino acids/ tail: ribosomes

stop codon(s)

UAA, UAG, UGA

types of amino acids

1. non polar

2. polar

3. electrically charged

protein synthesis process

1. makes mRNA

2. mRNA goes to the ribosome (starts translation)

3. tRNA picks up its amino acids & goes to the ribosome

4. rRNA enables tRNA to hook with mRNA , then the tRNAs' amino acids hook

5. once amino chain is complete, it's released as a protein

6. tRNAs are released go pick up more aminos

transcription/ splicing

makes mRNA

steps of transcription

1. hydrogen bond breaks & DNA bases separate

2. RNA nucleotides move in and link with the proper base

3. DNA continues to come apart until the entire gene is transcribed

4. RNA transcript is modified and spliced to make mRNA

ingredients of transcription

RNA and DNA nucleotides

catalysts of transcription

RNA polymerase