Anatomy and Physiology- Exam 1

Anatomy

The study of the structure of an organism

Physiology

The study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical processes involved.

Applied Anatomy

The application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and surgical procedures

Descriptive anatomy

A description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together

Gross anatomy

study of the body and its parts as visible without the use of microscopes

Microscopic anatomy

study of the structure of the body by using microscopes

Surface anatomy

study of the body and its surface markings as related to underlying structures

Developmental anatomy

study of the anatomy with reference to growth and development from conception to adulthood

Pathological anatomy

study of the parts of the body with respect to the pathological entity (disease)

Comparative anatomy

Study of homologous structures of different animals

Cytology

Study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Myology

study of muscle form and tissues

Arthrology

study of the joint system for bones

Osteology

study of the form and function of bones

Neurology

study of diseases in the nervous system

Anatomical position

body is erect, palms, arms, and hands are faced forward

Axial Skeleton

Consists of the trunk and the head

Appendicular skeleton

consists of the upper and lower extremities

Coronal Plane

divides the body into front and back halves

Sagittal Plane

divides the body into right and left sides

Transverse plane

divides the body into upper and lower portions

Anterior

Front

Ventral

Front

Posterior

Back

Dorsal

Back

Superficial

surface of the body

Medial

closer to the median plane

lateral

farther away from the medial plane

Superior

towards the head

Inferior

Towards the feet

Prone

laying on the belly

Supine

Laying on the back

Proximal

towards the point of attachment

Distal

away from the point of attachment

Flexion

bringing ventral surfaces together

extension

bringing ventral surfaces away from eachother

Plantar

sole of foot

Palmar

palm of hand

oblique plane

odd angle plane of the body

Parasagittal section

alongside the sagittal plane

rostral/cranial

towards the head

caudal

towards the feet

intermediate

between two structures

Adduction

bringing two ends towards the midline

Abduction

bringing two ends further away from the midline

thorax

chest

abdominal cavity

houses digestive system

thoracic cavity

houses lungs

cranial cavity

hosts the brain

Epithelial

tissue that forms the sheet-like layers of skin that also line cavities

Cilia

hair-like protrusions that facilitate movement

Nervous tissue

made up of glial cells that foster communication

Muscular tissue

elongated cells that help with movement both inside and outside of the body

Skeletal (striated) tissue

has a striped appearance on a microscope, used to move skeletal structures, is a voluntary/somatic muscle

Cardiac tissue

non-voluntary, muscles of the heart, composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashion

Smooth muscle tissue

involuntary, found in hollow organs and passageways (intenstines), generally sheet-like with spindle-shaped cells

Connective tissue

the tissue thar connects or seperates and supports all other types of tissues in the body

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

protection, secretion, absorption, and sensation

What are some characteristics of connective tissue?

may be solid, liquid, or gel-like

Areolar connective tissue

loose connective tissue, supportive in nature, and found between muscles

Adipose connective tissue

areolar connective tissue that contains high levels of fat cells

Lymphoid connective tissue

specialized connective tissue that found in tonsils and adenoids

White fibrous connective tissue

strong, dense, found in ligaments that bind bones together

Yellow elastic connective tissue

found in cartilage of trachea and bronchial passageway

Blood (connective tissue)

plasma is the fluid component, and blood cells are suspended in the matrix

Bone connective tissue

hardest of connective tissue

Cartilage

has unique properties of strength and elastic

Fibroblasts in connective tissues

produces extracellular matrix that assist in wound repair

Nervous tissue

highly specialized communicative tissue that consists of neurons (nerve cells). Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral systems, purpose is to transmit information

Where does nervous tissue transmit information?

one neuron to another, neurons to muscles, and sensory receptors to other neural structures

Mucous membranes

Epithelial tissues cause the creation of ______, which lines cavities and sometimes secretes mucuous

Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage

Where are white fibrous connective and yellow elastic tissues found in?

Cartilage

Has both tensile and compressive strength and is elastic (resists to being torn or crushes, tends to turn to original shape)

Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage type that is smooth

fibrocartilage

Cartilage that proves a collagenous cushion between structures

Blood

fluid connective tissue

Bone

Highly dense connective tissue

Striated

voluntary muscular tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

involuntary muscle tissues that is present in organs

Cardiac muscular tissue

has both voluntary and involuntary aspects, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body

Tissues

_____ combine to form larger structures

Fascia

sheetlike membrane surrounding organs

Ligaments

Bind organs together or holds bones to bones or cartilage

Tendons

attach muscle to bone or to cartilage

Aponeurosis

flat tendon

Bones and cartilage

provide the structure for the body, articulating by means of joints

Diarthrodial (synovial) joints

highly mobile joints

Amphiarthroidal (cartilginous) joints

joints that permit limited mobility

Synarthroidal joints

immobile joints

Fibrous (synarthroidal) joints

Bind immobile bodies together

Cartilaginous (amphiarthroidal) joints

cartilage serves the primary joining function

Synovial joints (diarthroidal) joints

lubricating synovial fluid is contained within an articular capsule

spheroid, condylar, trochoid, sellar, and ellipsoid

Types of synovial joints (all variants of ball-and socket-joints)

Ball-and-socket joints and ginglymus joints

What are the two types of plane synovial joints?

Ginglymus joint

a joint that acts like a hinge

condylar joint

shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility

trochoid joint

a joint consisting of a process and fossa, permitting only rotation

Plane synovial joints

joints with mating surfaces that are primarily flat

articular capsule

the fibrous connective tissue covering a synovial joint