Multiple Alleles and Blood Genetics

Inheritance of traits is determined by

genes

genes are passed from ____ to ____

parents, offspring

are alleles dominant or recessive

both

how many copies of each gene do sexually reproducing organisms have

two copies; one from each parent

What are the exceptions to Mendel's work

-some alleles are neither dominant or recessive

-many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes

What kind of chromosomes occur in pairs

homologous chromosomes

the different ______ of a gene occupy the ______ positions on each chromosome

alleles; same positions

is it possible to have several different allele possibilities for one gene?

it is possible

____-_____ is when there are more than two allele possibilities for a gene

multiple alleles

coat color in rabbits is determined by a single gene with how many possible alleles

4 possible alleles

Cross a heterozygous Chinchilla

(c^chc) with a heterozygous full color with himalayan (Cc^h). (c^chc x Cc^h)

Genotypic Ratios:

1 Cc^ch: 1Cc : 1 c^chc^h: 1 c^hc

Phenotypic Ratios:

2 full color: 1 light grey: 1 Himalayan

The human ABO gene is on chromosome

9

how many copies of chromosome 9 does everyone have

2 copies (two ABO genes, One from Mother and One from Father)

What is a persons blood type determined by

which allele they inherit from each parent

There are three versions of a blood type gene (called alleles). What are they?

A, B, and O

The genetic makeup of an organism is called

the genotype

what is the visible properties of an organism

phenotype

Phenotype or Genotype?

the A, B, and O allele combination a person has

Genotype

Phenotype or Genotype?

A persons blood type

Phenotype

Which alleles are dominant

A and B alleles

together the “A” and “B” alleles are _____

co-dominant

is the O allele dominant or recessive

recessive

Human blood type is controlled by these 3 alleles

I^A, I^B and i.

Alleles I^A and I^B are ______ over i

dominant

I^A and I^B are ______

codominant

Phenotype (blood type) “A” causes which genotypes?

I^A I^A or I^Ai

Phenotype (blood type) “B” causes which genotypes?

I^B I^B or I^Bi

Phenotype (blood type) “AB” causes which genotypes?

I^A I^B

Phenotype (blood type) “O” causes which genotypes?

ii

Which genotypes create the type A phenotype

i^A i^{A &} i^A i^O

Which genotypes create the type B phenotype

i^B i^{B &} i^B i^O

Which genotypes create the type AB phenotype

i^A i^B

Which genotypes create the type O phenotype

i^O i^O

alleles ___ for blood type

code

what do these blood type alleles actually code for

a specific enzyme

enzymes create specific antigens on our

red blood cells

What is a protein that "sits” on the surface of our red blood cells

antigen

what are the 2 different blood antigens

A & B

If you have the A antigen, your blood type is

A

If you have the B antigen, your blood type is

B

Blood plasma is packed with proteins called

antibodies

the body produces a wide variety of antibodies that do what to foreign molecules

recognize and attack

A person’s plasma does not contain any ______ that will bind to molecules that are part of his or her own body.

antibodies

If you belong to the blood group A, you have __ antigens on the surface of your RBCs and __ antibodies in your blood plasma.

A antigens; B antibodies

If you belong to the blood group B, you have __ antigens on the surface of your RBCs and __ antibodies in your blood plasma.

B antigens; A antibodies

If you belong to the blood group AB, you have __ antigens on the surface of your RBCs and __ antibodies in your blood plasma.

A and B antigens; no antibodies

If you belong to the blood group O, you have __ antigens on the surface of your RBCs and __ antibodies in your blood plasma.

no antigens; A and B antibodies

True or False:

It is important to carefully match the donor and recipient blood types.

True

If the donor’s blood cells have antigen that are different from those of the recipient, antibodies in the recipient’s blood recognize the donor blood as ___

foreign

if the donor and recipients blood types do not match it could cause

blood clotting or agglutination

•People who are Type A blood produce antibodies to agglutinate cells which carry Type B antigens.  They recognise them as ____

non-self (opposite is true for people who are type B)

people with both A and B blood types wont agglutinate with type O, since type O does not carry any antigens for the ABO system. Type O cells pass _____

incognito

Type O blood may be transfused into all the other types = the _______-______

universal donor

Type AB blood can receive blood from all the other blood types = the _______-________.

universal receivers

Why is blood group O known as a universal donor

it has no antigens on red blood cell

why is blood group AB called universal receivers

there are no antibodies in the plasma

relative abundance for type A

40-42

relative abundance for type B

10-12

relative abundance for type AB

3-5

relative abundance for type O

43-45

Where did the Rhesus factor get its name

from experiments conducted by Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Weiner in 1937

what did the experiments involving the Rhesus Factor include

Rabbits which when injected with the Rhesus monkey’s red blood cells, produced an antigen present in the red blood cells of many humans

about how many people have a positive Rh factor

about 85%

If a person has a ________ Rh factor, this means that their blood contains a protein that is also found in Rhesus monkeys

positive

The Rh factor, like other antigens, is found on

the surface of the red blood cells. 

The positive Rh allele is

dominant

the negative Rh allele is

recessive

Rh+ means you

you have the protein that is found in Rhesus monkeys

Rh- means you

you do not have the protein that is found in Rhesus monkeys

If a person has either two (+) genes for Rh or one (+) and one (-) Rh gene, they will test

Rh+

a person will be Rh- if the have

two negative Rh- genes

One of the basic difference between ABO and Rh systems is that the Rh antibodies are ___-_____

not natural (they are not present at birth but are synthesised in Rh negative persons in response to the presence of Rh-antigen.)

Rh antigens are ____ proteins with loops exposed at the surface of red blood cells.

transmembrane

what are Rh antigens seemed to be used for

the transportation of carbon dioxide and/or ammonia across the plasma membrane

A person with Rh- blood ______ Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood. 

develop (If such a person is given Rh+ blood, its anti-Rh antibodies react with the donor’s Rh antigens and aggulate the blood.)

A person with Rh+ blood can _____ blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems.

receive

Incompatibility is seen between Rh- woman and

her fetus (Rh- woman when married to Rh+ man bears Rh+ foetus. Although the foetal and maternal blood do not come in direct contact due to placental barrier, some foetal R.B.C’s manage to enter the maternal blood stream.)

what causes a blood disorder known as erythroblastosis foetalis

The Rh antigen on their surface induces formation of anti-Rh antibodies. These antibodies then cross the placenta and enter the foetus blood circulation

What is the relevance of Rh Factor & ABO typing?

super important when it comes to babies (üExample: An Rh(-) mother has a Rh (+) baby, she will make antibody against the Rh(+) fetus)

what is this following scenario an example of:

P₁ : Female Rh-  ×  Male Rh+

Baby is Rh+ because father is.  Mother’s blood produces antibodies upon birth, (since blood mixes at birth).  First baby is okay.

Second pregnancy- mom’s antibodies can now move across the placenta and cause baby’s RBC’s to clump (agglutinate) if second baby is also Rh+.  This decreases oxygen delivery in the baby – “blue baby.”

Rh blood group and Rh Incompatibility

what can be done if there is a Rh blood group and Rh incompatibility (pregnancies) ( what also happens if it is undetected)

Mom can be given an injection of a drug that inhibits antibody production immediately after delivery.

if undetected •Baby could be given a blood transfusion while in the womb.  Fairly uncommon.