Memory Retrieval II

Flashcards about state-dependent memory.

Mood

A temporary but relatively sustained and pervasive affective state.

Bower and colleagues (1978) experiment

Participants learned two lists, one following happy induction and one following sad induction. They were tested on both lists after either happy or sad induction.

State-dependent memory

Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.

Overton (1964) experiment

Rats trained to escape from unavoidable shock in a T-maze, Sodium pentobarbital produced ‘dissociated learning’ in rats

Dissociated learning

Performance of tasks learned in the drug state does not transfer to the non-drug state, but learning can be reactivated if the drug is re-instated.

State-dependent extinction (Bouton et al., 1990)

Rats conditioned and then experienced extinction (or not) drugged. Rats were tested both sober and with the drug (on separate days).

Chlordiazepoxide (a benzodiazepine)

Administered during extinction learning, as it happens during treatment of anxiety

Results of State-dependent extinction (Bouton et al., 1990)

Low freezing when rats where tested under the same drug they had during extinction, but if on drug then tested sober you see a recovery from extinction.

Nucleus reuniens (RE)

A midline thalamic nucleus that interconnects the mPFC with the hippocampus.

Context fear conditioning in rats

Train in Context A, and tested in Contexts A (target) and B (generalization).

Effect of Muscimol during training and Saline during testing

If they get Muscimol during training and then saline during the test, it shows very low performance.

Goodwin et al. (1969) experiment

Non-alcoholic subjects can’t remember, when sober, what happened when drunk. May remember when next drunk.

Barbiturate (Overton, 1964), Alcohol (Goodwin et al., 1969), Amphetamines (Hurst et al., 1969), Marijuana (Eich et al., 1975), Antihistamine (Carter & Cassaday, 1998), Mood (Clark & Teasdale, 1981)

Varieties of reminder.

Levels of processing

Memory is better in a congruent state than in the disparate state.

State-dependency unreliable - outshining effects Eich (1980)

Suggests internal state more important cue in the absence of ‘observable’ retrieval cues.

When are State-dependent effects consistent and reproducible?

State-dependent effects consistent and reproducible only when contextual cues are not “outshined” by more explicit reminders