ANS 2140 Respiratory System

What is the normal blood pH?

7.35-7.45

What is acidosis and alkalosis?

Acidosis- greater than normal acid level/ lower pH

Alkalosis= more basic blood than normal/ higher pH

List the major functions of the respiratory system.

Supply O2, remove CO2, vocalization and olfaction, acid-base homeostasis

What are the steps of the respiratory cycle?

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, Transportation of gases, internal respiration

Explain the steps of the respiratory cycle.

Pulmonary ventilation

• Air moves in and out of the lungs

• Inhalation/inspiration and exhalation/exasperation

External respiration

• Air from outside into the lungs

• Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and lungs

Transportation of gases

• Through the blood

Internal respiration

• Air already inside going into tissue

• Gas exchange between blood and tissue

What are the parts that make up the upper respiratory system?

Nasal passage and trachea

List and explain the major functions of the upper respiratory functions.

Heat the air (through heat in the blood vessels), humidify (Saliva in the mouth, keeps lungs healthy), filter (cilia traps particles and keeps lungs clear and healthy)

What are the major parts of the lower respiratory system and what do they do?

Conducting Zone

• move air from point a to point b

Respiratory Zone

• gas exchange

• functional unit of the alveoli

Bronchiole

• Thicker and allow for less gas exchange

List and define the functional units of the respiratory system.

Alveolar type 1

• Thin cells

• Allow air to move between cell and blood stream

Alveolar type 2

• Secretes surfactant which helps with water retention

Macrophage

• Part of the innate immune system

• Help fight disease

What are the properties of the mammalian respiratory system?

Compliance, elasticity, surface tension

What does compliance mean?

The ability of the lung to stretch

What does elasticity mean?

The ability of the lung to return to resting state

What is surface tension?

It means that like molecules with still together and is decreased with surfactant

What is surfactant?

A detergent like lipid and protein complex that reduces surface tension and is secreted by type 2 alveolar cells

Why is surfactant and surface tension important in the lung?

If water filled the alveoli and had good surface tension the alveoli would shut because of the waters attraction and O2 and CO2 couldn’t be exchanged well. Surfactant prevents the molecules from binding

What is an alveoli?

Air like sacs at the bottom of the lungs where your body trades oxygen for carbon dioxide

Explain inspiration.

The diaphragm contacts and pulls down this increases the volume of the thoracic cavity which decreases the interpulmonary pressure. Because we want atmospheric to be equal to interpulmonary air flows into the lungs

Explain expirations.

The diaphragm relaxes to its normal curved state. This decreases the volume of the lungs increasing the interpulmonary pressure. Because we want atmospheric pressure to each interpulmonary pressure air flows out of the lungs

Is inhalation or exhalation dependent on Boyles law?

Exhalation

What does Boyles Law state?

There is an inverse relationship between pressure and gas volume. P1V1=P2V2

Is inspiration or expiration an active process?

Inspiration

What is the baseline atmospheric pressure?

760 mmHg

What does the atmospheric pressure equal?

The baseline pressure of the air surrounding the body

What is intrapleural pressure and what does it equal?

The pressure of the space between the lung and chest cavity. This will fluctuate with breathing but would be less than the atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure

What is intrapulmonary pressure and what does it equal?

This is the pressure in the lungs and also the intra alveolar pressure. This will fluctuate with breathing but the goal is to equal the atmospheric pressure.

What is the abbreviation for interpleural pressure?

Ppip

What is the abbreviation for interpulmonary pressure?

Ppul

What happens if P_pip is greater than atmospheric?

You have a collapsed lung

What is dead space?

The air that is inhaled but never contributes to gas exchange. This could be air in the trachea that never reaches the lung

What is anatomical dead space?

Due to how the animal is constructed

What is alveolar dead space?

Alveola not contributing to gas exchange. Could be temporary or permanent

How do you calculate total dead space.

Anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

What is tidal volume?

Normal pulmonary ventilation. The amount of air exchanged during normal ventilation

What is the inspiration reserve volume?

The volume of air inhaled above tidal volume. think taking a big deal breath

What is expiratory reserve volume?

The volume of air exhaled below tidal volume. Think taking a big deal breath out

What is vital capacity?

The amount of air we can do something with

How do you find vital capacity?

Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory reserve volume

What is residual volume?

The amount of air stays when we exhale as much as possible

What does Daltons Law state?

The total pressure of a mixture of gasses is the sum of the pressures of all gases

What does Henrys Law state?

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid depends on the solubility of a gas, the temp of a liquid, and the partial pressure of a gas

How is O2 carried in the blood with percent’s?

1.5% in plasma

98.5% loosely bound to each iron found in hemoglobin in red blood cells

How many oxygens are removed from one hemoglobin at a time?

1 unless otherwise necessary the other three stay attached

As the affinity between O2 and hemoglobin decrease what happens?

The pH decreases the temp increases and 2,3 diphosphoglyceric acid increases

How is carbon dioxide transported with percent’s?

10% is plasma

20% carbaminohemoglobin (CO2 bound to hemoglobin)

70% bicarbonate (HCO3-)

What is the process of turning CO2 into bicarbonate?

CO2 enters the red blood cell form tissue. Then it mixes with water and forms carbonic acid. This then separates forming hydrogen ions and bicarb. The bicarb then leaves the cell and chloride enters

What is a the chloride shift?

When chloride ions enter the cells and bicarbonate atoms leave. This maintains ionic balance

What are the key differences between avian and mammalian respiration?

Birds don’t have a diaphragm, they have air sacs. Their lungs are not elastic. Their gas exchange occurs in air capillaries

What are avian air sacs and what do they do?

They are transparent air holding vessels. There are 7-9 sacs and they do not exchange gas

How can a bird have air movement with a non elastic lung?

The volume change occurs in the air sac and pushes or pulls the air into the lungs

List and explain the steps of avian respiration.

First inhale

• cavity expands from air sacs

• the volume increases and pressure decreases

• air enters the posterior air sac

First exhale

• air from posterior sacs moves to the lungs

• volume decreases and pressure increases

• muscles contract

Second inhale

• the cavity expands

• air moves from the lungs to the anterior air sacs

• volume increases and pressure decreases

Second exhale

• air leaves bird

• anterior air sacs shrink

• volume decreases and pressure increases

What steps of avian respiration are active?

All