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Solvent

A fluid in which substances dissolve; in the human body, water is always the solvent.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved; solutes can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic.

Solution

A mixture consisting of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

Covalent Bonding

The sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Ionic Molecules

Molecules formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in charged ions.

Anabolic Reaction

A type of chemical reaction that involves the synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones (endergonic).

Catabolic Reaction

A type of chemical reaction that involves the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones (exergonic).

Exchange Reaction

A type of reaction in which two compounds exchange components to form new compounds.

Potential Energy

Energy stored in an object due to its position or arrangement.

Kinetic Energy

Energy associated with the motion of an object.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

pH Scale

A logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

Logarithmic Scale

A scale in which each increment represents a tenfold change.

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units.

Amino Acids

The monomeric building blocks of proteins.