Social Psychology: Chapter 8-10 Review

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49 Terms

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Group
Two or more people who for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence each other and perceive one another as "we" or "us"
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Reasons for Groups:
- Need to affiliate
- Need to achieve
- Need for social identity
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Functions of Groups:
- Belonging
- Intimacy
- Generativity
- Support
- Influence
- Exploration
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Belonging
To be included in an interpersonal network, providing members with sense of inclusion and security
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Intimacy
To be in proximity, for warm, supportive, loving relationships with others
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Generativity
To be more productive and efficient than as a member than as an individual, accomplishing tasks that could not be completed alone
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Support
To be aided with minor/major life crisis by providing assistance, emotional and tangible resources
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Influence
To exercise and apply social power and __, offering individuals the means to __ greater numbers of individuals
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Exploration
To be provided with information, new ideas and new experiences, providing opportunities for learning
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Social Facilitation
Strengthening of dominant responses in presence of others, boosting performance on easy tasks and well learned tasks

EX) Home Court Advantage
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Social Loafing
People exerting less effort when they pool their efforts towards a common goal than when they're individually accountable
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Causes of Social Loafing:
- Diffusion of responsibility
- Reduced evaluation apprehension
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Deindividuation
Loss of self awareness; a self conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself and makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions
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Risky Shift Phenomena
AKA Group Polarization; enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies, a strengthening of member's average tendency
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Explaining Polarization:
- Informational Influence
- Normative Influence
- Pluralistic Ignorance
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GroupThink
Consensus in group decisions that suppresses dissent in the interest of group harmony
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*CAUSES of GroupThink:
- Cohesion of the group
- Isolation of group from dissenting viewpoints
- Directive leader/Dictative leader
- Decision stress
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*SYMPTOMS of GroupThink
- Illusion of invulnerability
- Strong belief in group's morality
- Rationalization
- Group has stereotyped view of opponent
- Conformity pressure
- Self censorship
- Illusion of unamity
- Mind guards
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Difference between Self Censorship and Mind Guards:
Self Censorship is not saying your opinion because it doesn't align with the group. Mind Guards are people who knowingly withhold information that could add to or dissuade the argument.
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Ways to prevent GroupThink:
- Appointing a Devil's Advocate
- Impartiality
- Encourage critical evaluation
- Occasionally divide the group, then reunite to air differences
- Welcome input from outside experts
- Call a second-chance meeting
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Influences of the Minority are strongest when:
- Consistency in presentation of the message
- Self confidence in message
- Defections from the majority
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Task Leaders
Organize work, set standards, focus on goals
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Social Leaders
Delegate authority, encouraging input from the group
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Transformational Leaders
Inspires followers at a deep personal level; charisma
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Group Privilege
Unearned, favored, State acquired power by a group or groups in a society
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Prejudice equals __
Attitude
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Stereotypes equals __
Beliefs
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Discrimination equals __
Behavior
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Sexism
Social attitudes and discrimination towards people of a given sex
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Racism
Social attitudes and discriminatory Behavior people of a given race
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In-group Favoritism Phenomenon
Develops socially to where we have favoritism to the group you are assigned without any other connections
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Social Dominance Orientation
Motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups
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Socialization
Values and attitudes learned from family and culture
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Scapegoat Theory (Displaced Aggression)
Taking anger and frustration out on the cause of the frustration if possible and if unsuccessful displacing that anger towards a less-threatening target, like minorities
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Prejudice arises from groups competing for scarce resources
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Social Identity Theory
Feeling superior to others
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In-group Bias
Favor towards one's own group
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Out-group Homogeneity Effect
View out-group members as more similar to one another than in group members
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Just-world Phenomenon
Belief people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, contributes to victim-blaming
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Stereotype Threat
Proposition that stigmatized group members are aware that they are stereotyped and when in achievement settings they fear confirming those stereotypes
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Aggression
Physical and/or verbal behaviors intended to cause harm
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Biological Theories of Aggression:
Genetic Factors
Instinct Theory
Neural Influences
Biochem Influences
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Media Impact on Aggressive Behavior:
Distorts perceptions of sexual reality
Increases aggression against women
Desensitizes us to violence
Provides a social script
Alters perception of the world
Cognitive priming of aggression
Disinhibits viewers
Increased arousal
Decrease prosocial behavior
Decrease empathy/helping
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Group Contexts Enabling Aggression:
Diffusion of responsibility
Polarization
Social Identity
Reduced inhibition
Less self awareness
Less evaluation apprehension
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Predictors of Aggressive Behavior:
Male
Aggressive prone personality
Alcohol use
Violence viewing
Anonymity
Provocation
Presence of weapons
Group interaction
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Weapons Effect
The mere presence of weapons increases aggressive thoughts and behaviors
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Aggression Cues
Typically a physical object or context associated with aggressive acts that by existing increases violent thoughts/behaviors
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Catharsis
Acting aggressively or even viewing aggression is an effective way to purge angry and aggressive feelings
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Social Learning Approach
Suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others