Comprehensive Exam - Ch. 2

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

testable

________ are defined as observable realities.

facts

Scientific knowledge is ________.

empirical

major criticism of Freud’s early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.

were not testable

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

case study

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments.

naturalistic observation

The major limitation of case studies is ________.

the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

archival research

________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

longitudinal research

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.

survey

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

attrition

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:

As height increases, typically weight increases.

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

–.90

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

the correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

it is closest to 0

________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

random sampling

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

independent variable; dependent variable

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

operationalize

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.

placebo

________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.

IACUC; IRB

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses.

deception

A person’s participation in a research project must be ________.

voluntary

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.

informed consent