chem rotation lec3

what are enzymes and what do we measure in them

biologically synthesized proteins that catalyze rxns they are temperature dependent and we measure the activity (which is relative to its concentration)

what is zero order kinetics

where there's excess substrate per enzyme (so we can properly see enzyme conc)

what is CK/CPK

creatine kinase that in highest in muscle and tissue (increased in muscular disorders or after strenuous activity)

what is an isoenzyme

fraction of enzymes that have a function (subunits)

what are the three isoenzymes of CPK

CK-MM (skeletal), CK-MB (muscle, heart//MI), and CK-BB (brain,uterus, colon, prostate)

what is LD/LDH and what is it an indicator of

lactate dehydrogenase; increased in cardiac/hepatic/and renal disease; used to indicate internal hemolysis of RBCs and pernicious anemia

LD has what kind of relationship to haptoglobin

inverse

what is AST and what is it an indicator of

aspartate transaminase/aminotransferase is a liver enzyme; highest levels are seen in acute hepatis; good indicator for pulmonary embolisms (as well as liver dysfunction; and in conjuntion with CK for MI)

what is AST also called

SGOT: glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase

what is ALT and what is it indicative of

alanine transaminase/aminotransferase is a liver enzyme that will increase in liver dysfunction in conjunction with AST ("sister enzymes") (can be increased as well with acute hepititis)

what is ALT also knows as

SGPT; glutamate pyruvate transaminase

what is ALP and when can it increase

alkaline phosphatase; elevation in bone disorders or growth and hepatobiliary obstruction (can also be seen to increase in liver cirrhosis and pregnancy)

what is pagets disease and what enzyme is it associated with

abnormal breakdown of bone with regrowth on top of old bone by osteoclasts causing abnormal/malformation; associated with ALP

what is osteomalacia

bone sofening

what is rickets disease

deficiency in vit D

what is osteogenic sarcoma

bone cancer

what is GGT and what can it indicate

gamma-glutamyltransferase; found in liver kidney brain prostate and pancreas; increased in hepatobiliary obstruction, acute hepatitis; indicator of alcoholism (with an osmol gap greater than 10) as well as OD in acetometiphen

what is amylase and when is an increase commonly seen

enzyme to break down carbs; found in pancreas and salivary glands; can be increased with acute pancreatitis, mumps, and intraabdominal diseases (including esophageal ruptures)

where can amylase be found and why

can be found in urine because it is a small enough molecule (seen in urine and not seen in serum is common in pancreatitis)

what is lipase and when can it be increased

enzyme for lipid breakdown; found in pancreas, stomach and intestines; increased in acute pancreatitis (better indicator) and intraabdominal diseases

why is lipase a better indicator for acute pancreatitis?

because it stays in the serum longer and it more specific to the pancreas (since its not in the salivary glands)

what is acid phosphatase and what is it used for

enzyme that is highest in the prostate (females dont have this enzyme); can be used as a tumor marker for prostate cancer, but is a known test for rape (can be found in vaginal secretions)