Chemistry

what colour flame does sodium produce

yellow/orange

What colour flame does potassium produce

purple

What colour flame does calcium produce

Brick red

What colour flame does barium produce

Green

What colour flame does copper produce

Blue green

What colour flame does iron produce

orange

What colour flame does lead produce

Light blue grey

What is the first step to differentiate cations

Add NaOH

Cations- if NaOH produces a green precipitate what ion is present

Fe 2+

Cation- if NaOH produces a blue pptte what cation is present

Cu 2+

Cation- if NaOH produces orange brown precipitate what is added and what are the potential results

NaCl and no precipitate means Fe3+ yes pptte —> silver

Cation- if NaOH produce no pptte what is added and what are the potential results

NaF - no pptte Ba2+ yes pptte Ca2+

Cation- if NaOH produceces a white pptte what is the next step and the outcomes

Add XS NaOH - pptte remains then continue, pptte dissolves Pb2+

Cation - after NaOH and XS NaOH are added what is the next step and results

New sample add H2SO4 - white pptte Ca2+, no pptte Mg2+

What is the first step in differentiating between anions

Test with red litmus

Anion- what is added to solutions that turn litmus blue and results

HNO3 - bubbles = carbonate no bubbles continue

Anion- is litmus turns blue and no bubbles produced from HNO3 what is added and what are results

Add Cu2+ - no pptte- CH3COO, Blue pptte OH-

Anion- what is next step if litmus stays red

Add AgNO3

Anion - if litmus stays red, and AgNO3 produce pptte what is next step and results

Add dilute NH3- pptte dissolves Cl-, otherwise continue

Anion- if litmus stays red, AgNO3 produces pptte and dilute NH3 pptte remains what is next steo and results

Add conc. NH3 - dissolve Br-, no change I-

Anion- if litmus stays red and AgNO3 produce no pptte what is next step and result

Add HNO3 and Ba2+, pptte SO42-, no pptte add NH3 and Ba2+- pptte PO4 3-

When determing identity of anion what do u do if sample wont dissolve

Add HNO3, watch for bubbles, and skip litmus - will be messed up

Alkane - addition reaction (of halogen)

requires UV light → Haloalkane

Alkene - addition reaction (halogenation)

Addition across double bond, no special conditions → dihaloalkane

Alkene addition (hydrogenation)

Under pressure with Ni/Pt/Pd catalyst → alkane

Alkene hydration

requires H+ catalyst from H3PO4 @ 300C → alcohol

Alkyne Hydration

Mercry salt HgSO4 catalyst → ketone

Alcohol oxidation (primary)

Requires Hot acidified KMnO4 → aldehyde → carboxyllic acid

Alcohol dehydration

high temp + anaerobic OR conc. H2SO4 at 180C

Alcohol oxidation (secondary)

hot acidified KMnO4 → ketone

Alcohol oxidation (tertiary)

nil

alcohol substitution

Subs hydroxyl group, requires UV → alkane

Fermentation of carbohydrates

30% solution, yeast, 37C, anaerobic → alcohol

Esterification

Heated under reflux, -yl is alcohol