APAH Unit 3

Tomb of Priscilla

FORM- Tufa and Fresco FUNCTION- burial CONENT- greek names inscribed on niche CONTEXT- christianity is illegal; edict of Milan legalized it

Santa Sabina

FORM- axial/basilica plan FUNCTION- Place of Worship CONTENT- Spoilas (reused from pagan buildings) and clerestory CONTEXT- Constantine legalizing chritianity

Rebecca and Eliezer at the well

FORM- Tempera paint and silver ink on purple dyed vellum FUNCTION- for private royal household on display or spiritual reading CONTENT- Servant Eliezer is finding Abraham’s son a wife and stops to let the camels drink; Rebecca leaving town and seeing water goddess, Rebecca helping Eliezer at the well CONTEXT- fragment page from the Vienna Genesis

Jacob wrestling the Angel

FORM- Tempera paint and silver ink on purple dyed vellum FUNCTION- for private royal household on display or spiritual reading CONTENT- Jacob leads family across the river and after bridge he is separated from family; he wrestles angel to bless him, who changes Jacob’s name to Israel CONTEXT- fragment page from the Vienna Genesis

San Vitale

FORM- Central plan with an octagonal space FUNCTION- Church and mausoleum CONTENT- Mosaics of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora, depicting religious themes CONTEXT- Commissioned by Bishop Maximianus in Ravenna during the Byzantine Empire.

San Vitale Mosaics

FORM- brick (spoilas), marble, stone veneer, mosaic (glass and gold tesserae) and marble decor FUNCTION- life-sized stand-ins to show their ruling over the territory CONTENT- JUSTINIAN: holding gold paten surrounded by soldiers, government, and bishop; THEODORA: wears pearls for health and stands in doorway holding chalice and wearing imperial purple CONTEXT- neither ruler ever visited the ravenna to see mosaics

Hagia Sophia

FORM- brick and ceramic, large basilica with a dome FUNCTION- Church, later a mosque, now a museum CONTENT- Known for its massive dome and mosaics, symbolizing the height of Byzantine architecture CONTEXT- Constructed under Emperor Justinian I in Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire.

Virgin (Theotokos) and child between Saints Theodore and George

FORM- Icon painting, encaustic on wooden panel: pigments mixed w hot beeswax FUNCTION- Portable sacred image for personal prayers and intercession CONTENT- Depicts the Virgin Mary (Theotokos) and the Christ Child, flanked by Saints Theodore and George CONTEXT- Created during the Byzantine period, survived iconoclasm, when all all religious items were destroyed

Merovingian looped fibulae

FORM- silver gilt w delicate wirework, ornamental brooches with intricate designs FUNCTION- used to fasten cloaks or garments but only for elites and wealthy CONTENT- characterized by looped and zoomorphic designs, often featuring animal motifs CONTEXT- developed during the early medieval period, associated with the Merovingian dynasty in France.

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Matthew, Cross Carpet page

FORM- Illuminated manuscript, ink and pigment on vellum FUNCTION- To illustrate the Gospel of Matthew, serving a religious purpose CONTENT- Latin Text; Zoomorphic elements, Colophon added later CONTEXT- Created by monks at the Lindisfarne Monastery in the 8th century, showcasing insular art

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Luke Incipit Page

FORM- Illuminated manuscript, ink and pigment on vellum FUNCTION- To illustrate the Gospel of Matthew, serving a religious purpose CONTENT- marks opening of gospel of Luke; large spiraling letter Q CONTEXT- Created by monks at the Lindisfarne Monastery in the 8th century, showcasing insular art

Lindisfarne Gospels: St. Luke portait page

FORM- Illuminated manuscript, ink and pigment on vellum FUNCTION- To illustrate the Gospel of Matthew, serving a religious purpose CONTENT- Luke sits on red wooden bench wearing robes and quilt/scroll; over halo is tetramorph symbol, winged calf holding gospel book CONTEXT- Created by monks at the Lindisfarne Monastery in the 8th century, showcasing insular art

Church of Sainte-Foy

FORM- Carved ashlar stone and gold leaf FUNCTION- To serve as a pilgrimage church and a place of worship CONTENT- Notable for its relics, including the skull of Sainte Foy, and intricate carvings on the tympanum CONTEXT- Located in Conques, France, and constructed during the Romanesque period; monks stole skull and placed it in a statue as a relic

Reliquary of Sainte-Foy

FORM- gold, silver, gemstones, enamel over wood FUNCTION- To contain and display the relic of Saint Foy, serving a religious purpose CONTENT- Features the head of Sainte Foy surrounded by luxurious decorations; large, ornate design that emphasizes the sacredness of the relic CONTEXT- Foy was martyred for refusing to sacrifice to pagan gods; 12 year old

Last Judgement at Sainte-Foy

FORM- Stone relief carving FUNCTION- Christ judging good vs evil; warning to pilgrims and clergy CONTENT- Illustrates Christ in majesty, surrounded by saints and the damned, with intricate details highlighting the moral message CONTEXT- covered in saints and hand of God outstretched

Bayeux Tapestry

FORM- embroidered wood thread FUNCTION- to narrate the events of the Norman Conquest of England, particularly the Battle of Hastings CONTENT- Features detailed scenes, including battles, ships, and important figures CONTEXT- almost certainly stitched by women

Chartres Cathedral

FORM- limestone w stained glass FUNCTION- designed for worship CONTENT- New Belief- Right: birth and presentation of Christ, Middle: 2nd coming, Left: Christ before incarnation; represents the Virgin Mary's importance CONTEXT- major fire in 1194 destroyed church, only west facade and Mary’s tunic survived

Chartres Cathedral: Great Portal of West Facade

FORM- limestone, more elaborate and decorative FUNCTION- entrance to the cathedral, place of worship CONTENT- includes scenes from the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary, richly detailed carvings CONTEXT- serves as a visual narrative for worshippers entering the cathedral.

Chartres Cathedral: Notre Dame de la Belle Verriere

FORM- stained glass window, 2 rose windows, vibrant colors FUNCTION- to depict the Virgin Mary and Christ CONTENT- features an iconic image of the Virgin with the child Jesus; symbolizes Mary’s role as a protector CONTEXT- fire destroyed building in 1194

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX

FORM- vellum manuscript, rich colors and gold leaf FUNCTION- luxury moral compass from Queen Blanche to her son CONTENT- depicts the Virgin Mary with Christ and a seated king and queen, emphasizing royal authority and divine protection CONTEXT- highlights the cultural and political significance of the monarchy in 13th-century France; bible was most expensive book

Dedication Page: Scenes from Apocalypse

CONTENT- 8 roundels arranged in pairs: left depicts scene directly from revelation, right illustrates moral lessons extracted from each prophetic event

Röttgen Pietà

FORM- carved and painted wood, just under 3 ft tall FUNCTION- private devotional; showed empathy and suffering CONTENT- depicts the Virgin Mary holding the dead body of Christ, emphasizing the themes of grief and compassion CONTEXT- pieta: appeared in Germany in late 1200s; Mary’s calm: knows Jesus will come again

Scrovegni Chapel

FORM- brick, interior decorated in fresco FUNCTION- place of worship and atonement for sin CONTENT- tells the life of Christ and the Virgin Mary through elaborate frescoes by Giotto CONTEXT- commissioned by Enrico Scrovegni as an atonement for his family's sins.

Golden Haggadah

FORM- pigment, tempura paint, and burnished vellum FUNCTION- illustrated manuscript for Passover, recited at passover CONTENT- features key scenes from the Passover story and Jewish rituals CONTEXT- most likely read from right to left and commissioned by wealthy jewish family