APHUG Unit One Test

What do maps depict?

The curved surface of our world on a flat plane

What are the three fundamental properties of maps?

Scale, projection, symbols

What is map scale?

The ratio between an actual distance on the ground and the length given to that distance on the map

How is map scale represented?

With a fraction

What is the relationship between area and map scale?

inverse, ex. when area gets larger, map scale gets smaller

Map projections

modern globe uses a grid system with parallels and meridians

degree of the parallel midway between the equator and the pole

45° north latitude in the northern hemisphere and 45° south latitude in the southern hemisphere

A formal region defines an area in which

there is uniformity in one or more physical or human characteristics

Which of the following is the primary assumption of environmental determinism?

the physical environment controls human culture

What is an example of time-space compression?

container ships have increased the speed and decreased the cost of international shipping

Latitude and longitude may be used to determine which characteristic of a place?

its absolute location

What is a vernacular region?

an area identifed based on peopleś perception of culture

Defintion of spatial concept of absolute location

absolute location specifies the exact position of a place on Earth

A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as

stimulus diffusion

the term ¨cultural diffusion¨' refers to the

spread of an idea or innovation from its source

Example of hierarchical diffusion

the increasing sales of clothing brands endorsed by professional athletes to customers in Europe

Example of expansion diffusion

the adoption of culture traits that spread out from a hearth

the spread of the use of chopsticks into Southeast Asian countries with the influx of Chinese immigrants is an example of which of the following concepts?

Relocation diffusion

What is Earths slant?

23.5 degrees

where is tropic cancer and capicon

23.5 degrees latitude

where was the prime meridian placed in 1884

greenwich, england

all meridians east/west of the prime meridian are where

0 and 180 degrees

where is the IDL?

180 degrees longitude with some exceptions

meridians cannot _______ in the polar areas

converge

parallels and meridians ______

cross

what are equal area projections designed to do

preserve shape and size

what does the gall-peters projection accurately display?

relative shape of landmasses

isolines

points of equal pressure (isobars), temperature (isotherms)

scale

how much the real world has been reduced to fit on a page

parallels

10 degree interval north and south of equator that represent latitude lines used for measuring distance from the equator.

medians

vertical lines converging at the poles, often shown at 15-degree intervals

equator

bisects the earth midway between the poles at 0 degrees latitude

north pole

90 degrees north latitude

south pole

90 degrees south latitude

what does the tropic of cancer represent

the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun to receive the most direct sunlight during the summer solstice.

tropic of capricorn represents

suns direction rays reach furthest south on winter solisticethe southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun to receive the most direct sunlight.

prime meridian

zero degrees longitude

what is the IDL?

International date line, runs from north and south pole and separates one calendar day from the next

Mercador projection

used by navigation by representing lines of constant course, useful for marine navigation. compass direction and straight lines. It distorts size and distance, especially near the poles.

Robinson projection

used by national geographical society

remote sensing

data collected by instruments physically distant from area of study

What is the difference between reference maps and thermic maps?

Reference maps display locational information and geographic features, while thematic maps focus on specific themes or data sets, illustrating patterns related to a particular subject.

What is GIS?

Geographic information system. A technology used for collecting, analyzing, and displaying spatial data, often utilized in mapping and geographic analysis.

A map is a _______ representation of space, which is all the facts and features about a particular spot. maps can be used to ___________ spaces (and places) on Earth and beyond or shape our sense of reality

symbolic, compare

Reference maps

show mountains, cities, oceans, and elevation

Thematic maps

visualize data about a particular topic across space

Choropleth Map

shows how a theme like population changes over a particular space using different colors or shadings of colors. They are useful because they quickly show us what countries and regions belong in the same catogory

dot density map

uses a dot to represent a key feature or attribute

cartogram

uses size to compare databy altering the shape of geographic areas. This allows for a visual representation of the magnitude of a theme across different regions.

every map is made by a ________ making ________

person, choices

What is the problem with the mercador projection

areas farther from the equator appear bigger than they really are, eurocentric, was made in the 16th century for navigational purposes

maps can make strong arguments because they pull a lot of ____ information together

visual

spatial patterns

are how and where geographic features appear on the Earthś surface

clustered versus dispersed

refers to the concentration of phenomena in a given area, where clustered indicates a high density and dispersed indicates a more even or scattered distribution.

absolute distance

measured in feet or miles

relative distance

a measurement of the level of social, cultural, or economic simliarity between places despite absolute distance from each other

examples of relative distance

jobs, shop, differences

topographic maps

elevation and direction can be seen on maps

projection

scienctific method of transferring locations on Earths surface to a flat map

what can be disorted in a projection

shape, distance, size, and direction

Gall-peters

response to Mercator, continents are true to size but shape is off, reduces bias but adjusting size

who can collect geographic data

organizations or indivduals, etc waze, google maps

GIS

software appalication for capturing, storing, and displaying data related to positions on Earth;s surface, allowed the rapid manipulation of geospatial for problem solving and research. ArcGIS

GPS

Global positioning system. A system of 24 satellites that orbit Earth twice daily and transmit radio signals. it is the basis for map-based apps that provide direction/navigation (google maps, waze)

Remote sensing

the accqusion of data about the Earths surface using satellites, aircraft, or drones rather than physical land ex. lambat 9

Aerial photography

form of remote sensing that captures images of the Earth's surface from an aircraft or drone, providing detailed visual data for analysis.

Spatial information

can come from written accounts, field observations, media reports, travel narratives, policy documents, personal interviews, landscape analysis

what is an example of spatial information being used?

The U.S. census. (10 years) determines national decisions and representives for each state

How do individuals, businesses, and governments use geospatial and geographic data

to make decisions and solve problems, ex.Census

absolute location

precise geographical location on the Earths surface (latitude and longitude)

relative location

location as compared to another, usually measured in distance/time

flow

the movement of people, ideas, goods, services across space driving globalization and interconnectedness, flow line maps can be made to see these flows

distance decay

interactions between two places decrease as the distance between them increases

friction of distance

the cost of time, effort associated with distance, includes transportation cost and travel time, explains why distance decay happens

Space-Time compression

advances in transportation and communication technologies make distances feel shorter and world feel more interconnected

what is an example of space-time compression?

columbus versus modern ships

picture a graph. x is distance. y is number of interactions. What is the decreasing polynominal slope?

friction of distance

diffusion is the _______ by which a phenomenon such as the ______ of people or their ______, _______, or preferences spread from one location to another through ______ and ____.

pattern, movement, ideas, technologies, space, time

Independ invention

an innovation is developed at the same time in different places by different people working independently.

What are the two types of diffusion?

Expansion and Relocation

What is expansion diffusion

occurs when ideas or practices spread ina snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers or users and the areas of occurrence increase. Includes hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus diffusion.

What is relocation diffusion

occurs when individuals or groups with a particular idea or practice migrate from one location to another, thereby bringing the idea or practice to their new homeland

What are examples of relocation diffusion

european settlers brought christianity to europe, ethnic foods when a group of migrants bring their specific food preferences with them to a new country, the crusades causing a spread of information leading to the renassiance

What is hierarchical diffusion?

occurs when ideas spread throughout a population, from area to area, ina snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers/users increase

what are examples of hierarchical diffusion?

collogianial expressions, clothing systems, sushi

reverse hierrchical diffusion

from low to high, example walmart from rural to large populated areas

contagious diffusion

the wavelike spread of ideas in the manner of a contagious disease or forest fire, moving throughout space without regard for hierarchy

examples of contagious diffusion

memes, social media, cartoons, videos

stimulus diffusion

occurs when a specific trait is rejected, but the underlying idea is accepted

examples of stimulus diffusion

seasame street changing in different parts of the world, siberian people domasciated deer after seeing southern cattle

How has technology, particularly the internet, affected the spread of ideas, cultures, and innovations through diffusion

technology has affected the spread of ideas, cultures, and innovations by increasing it, namely contagious expansion. Ideas spread quicker and reach larger groups of people

hearth

place where culture origniates, tend to be big cities

Environmental determinsim

the belief that the physical environment plays the greatest role in determining cultural development, outdated

possibilism

the physical environment may limit some actions, but people have the ability to adjust their environment, new, technology is applied to overcome natural limitations (AC) (economic system, living arrangements, political structures, religious pratices)

Sustainability

the responsible use of resources to ensure their avability for the future generations without compromising the needs of future generations

Polder

a piece of land created by draining water from the area (makes up 16% oi Netherlands land) reduces dependence on imported food to address climate change (rising sea levels) (new urbanism)

Type of diffusion: Soccer is the worlds most popular sport. Often times when a famous player, like Neymar, creates a new hair style, other pro soccer players around the world choose a similar hair style. As more pro soccer playing adopt that same hair, fans of their teams start to choose the same hair style for themselves. Suddenly, what started as a pro player trend, becomes a world-wide trend, especially for teenagers who want to emulate their favorite players

hierarchical

Type of diffusion: COmputers were once as a closet and only wealthy companies or large research labs could afford to have them. However, as technology improved, smaller computers were purchased for office use. Finally in the 1990s, wealthy American familes began purchasing computers for their homes. Now nearly everyone has access to computers in America regardless of income

hierarchal

Type of diffusion: Jazz music is often described as ,Americans gift to the world, what began in the U.S. in the 1920s is now popular everywhere in the world. Each country that adopts jazz music, puts their own spin on the sound. often times, they keep the same jazz beats, but include different instruments from their own music traditions

stimulus diffusion