Ch. 21: Ideologies and Upheavals

The victorious allies at the Congress of Vienna were guided by______________

principle of balance of power

The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to

avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819

required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations

What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?

They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

Austria was multiethnic empire and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire

The romantic movement was characterized by

a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination

The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the

spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility

Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to

find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Turks, the Greeks ultimately won the support of

Great Britain, France, and Russia

Composers in the romantic movement

abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?

Their utopian schemes were not realistic

Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established

by violent revolution

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in

the economy as little as possible

According to Joseph Proudhon

profit stolen from the workers

What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?

the key to progress was proper social organization

The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of

forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain

In the nineteenth century, what did Eugene Delacroix's work typically feature?

dramatic, colorful scenes

In Great Britain the Great Reform Bill of 1832

gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation

What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the nineteenth century?

The economic relationship between classes

How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?

He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory

What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?

The right to vote for all adult men.

In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?

As a collection of ethnic groups with cultural independence

During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?

Worker demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms

The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create the country of

Poland

In contrast to enlightenment thinkers, romantics valued

Intuition and nostalgia for the past, as well as the supernatural and the self

Romanticists were enchanted by

nature

Jules Michelet books about the history of france

promoted the growth of nationalistic sentiment

Great individualists, Romantics believed that

the full development of one's unique potential was the supreme purpose in life

In her study "On Germany," Germaine de Stael

extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of German writers and thinkers, and urged the French to do the same

Victor Hugo's novels exemplified

The romantic fascination with fantastic characters, exotic historical settings, and human emotions.

Victor Hugo's political evolution was

exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's in whom youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged conservatism.

English painter Joseph M. W. Turner depicted

nature's power and terror

In contrast to Turner, John Constable painted

the comforting Wordsworthian countryside of unspoiled rural England

Germaine de Stael urged creative individuals to

abandon traditional rules and classical models

Great Powers, particularly Metternich, opposed Greek revolution because

they sought a stable Ottoman Empire as bulwark against Russian expansion

The Chartists believed that the means to a good and just society was

complete political democracy

The Ten Hours Act of 1847

limited the workday of women and young people to ten hours

The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 made the doctrine of free trade

sacred dogma because it allowed Britain to escape famine

Political competition in Great Britain between the aristocracy and a strong middle class allowed the working classes

to make temporary alliances with either competitor to better their own conditions and make Britain more Democratic

The Great Famine was

the result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes, and was exacerbated by inadequate government relief efforts and an exploitative tenant system

Louis the XVIII's constitutional charter

granted the right to vote to notables only

When Charles X tried to revoke the Constitutional Charter in July 1830, resulted in

vicious street fighting, bringing down the government, and revolutions in Belgium, Switzerland, and Poland

The Revolutions of 1848 were in part caused by

bad harvests and uneven industrial development, in turn causing revolutions in Austria in 1846, Switzerland in 1847, and Naples in 1848

Which countries escaped untouched by the 1848 Revolutions?

Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Ottoman and Russian Empires

The French Revolution of 1848 was precipitated by

frustrated desires for change, high-level financial scandals, and a general sense of stagnation along with a severe depression caused by the agrarian crisis

Which diverse groups were united in opposition against the French king?

Bourgeois merchants and liberal intellectuals united with middle-class shopkeepers, skilled artisans, and unskilled laborers

The revolutionaries in France immediately enacted

universal male suffrage, workplace reforms, freeing all slaves in French colonies, and abolishing the death penalty

Alexis de Tocqueville, author of "Democracy in America," explained that the conservative-leaning election results were caused by

the socialist movement's arousal of fierce hostility among peasants and the middle and upper classes due to a strong attachment to private property

What were the "June Days" of 1848 in France?

A violent working class uprising, caused by the dissolution of the socialist workshops by the Constituent Assembly, which was crushed by the republican army and caused the death of over 10,000 people

What was the initial event that caused the revolutions in central Europe?

News of the upheaval in France, which emboldened liberals to demand reform

Revolutions across Europe in 1848 failed because of

divisions in the revolutionary coalition of poor, middle, and upper-class reformers, and the determination of conservatives

The chief minister under Louis Philippe and whose repressive actions lead to the revolution of 1848

Francois Guizot

Poor Law of 1834 was

legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid

The idea of Nationalism is

a vision of people united by a common language, culture, and history into a political state. It promoted heightened loyalty to the state and led to a breakdown of multi-ethnic states

The Zollverein was

an economic customs union of the German Confederation established in 1818 by Prussia and included almost all German-speaking states except Austria

Repeal of Test Act (1828)

It allowed Protestants who were not members of the Anglican Church to hold public office

Catholic Emancipation Bill (1829)

Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time

What rights did Louis the XVIII's Constitutional Charter give to the people?

It granted some limited reform and civil rights