Week 5 (Revolution, AOC & Constitution & GW )

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army

Battle of New York City

The British led by General Howe defeated the American Army, which was pushed out of New York in a series of battles. The British assembled the largest invasion fleet the world would see until World War 2.

Battle of Harlem Heights

British invade Manhattan, slight continental victory with the help of Alexander Hamilton. Ultimately the British win New York City though, but this shows our will to fight and capability even though Americans were outmanned and out gunned.

Battle of Trenton and Princeton

Washington led the Continental Army to daring winter victories, boosting morale and showing that the colonists could fight and win.

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Baron VonSteuben comes and trains troops

Smallpox

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing many Native Americans and also impacted Washington's troops during the Revolution. He mandated inoculations to mitigate the disease.

Inoculation

Injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help him or her build up defenses to a disease

Baron von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Henry Knox

Washington's Secretary of War and Rev. War hero at Bunker Hill

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a General in the Continental Army.

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

An offer by the British governor and military commander in Virginia for freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines and bore arms for the king.

Peter Salem

African American soldier who fought for America's freedom. Fought at Lexington,Concord - became a hero at Bunker Hill.

The Crisis

"These are the times that try men's souls..." T. Paine motivational pamphlet during a tough time in the Rev. War

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Francis Marion

South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution.

Alexander Hamilton (In the Revolution)

Joined the Continental Army and helped defend New York City. His successful defense allowed Washington to escape and win at Trenton and Princeton. He was known for his bravery, was promoted to Washington's top aide. He also led a successful assault on British defenses at Yorktown.

Nathanael Greene

Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again.

Admiral de Grasse

A French admiral. He had a powerful fleet in the West Indies that he offered to Washington to help in an attack on Cornwallis at Yorktown.

Count de Rochambeau

French general sent to America with a 6,000- soldier army to help the Americans against the British. A crucial factor at Yorktown, he would later lead the French Revolution

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

George Rogers Clark

Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779., secured the Northwest Territory for America, defeated several Native Americans who aligned with the British

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to "remember the ladies" in the new government he was helping to create.

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War. You should know several strengths and weaknesses

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Shay's Rebellion

A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. Upset with deflationary policies after the war.

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

1787

Constitution of the United States was written.

1788

Constitution ratified & First federal elections. George Washington won.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house (House & Senate)

Electoral College

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president. Made as a "buffer" against the common man during Const. Convention

3/5 Compromise

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution. Be sure to make connections to revolutionary experiences of the colonists to the actual amendments. You will probably get questions over the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 10th Amendments.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

"Remember the Ladies"

In a letter written by Abigail Adams to John Adams in 1776, Abigail was asking Adams to make laws that would offer rights for women, not only men, protecting them against abusive and tyrannical men.

Neutrality Proclamation

stated that the United States would not take sides with any European countries that were at war

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Treaty of Greenville

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Pinkney's Treaty

gave Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Invisible Hand Theory

Adam Smith's theory that the actions of independent, self-interested buyers and sellers will often result in the most efficient allocation of resources. Essentially an argument against mercantilism

Election of 1796

John Adams elected president (Federalist), Thomas Jefferson elected vice president (Dem-Rep). Caused major problems because they were from different political parties.

Impressment

forcing people into service, as in the navy

Anthony Wayne

A General, nicknamed "Mad Anthony". Beat Northwest Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Left British made arms on the fields of battle. After that the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 led to the Indians ceding their claims to a vast tract in the Ohio Country.

1792

election year for Washington's second term

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms, connect to Lex & Concord

3rd Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. Connect to Writs of Assistance

Amendments 5-8 deal with

courts. Think opposite of the Admiralty courts

10th Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers. AKA "elastic clause"

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank

excise tax

Consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as tobacco. Hamilton's excise tax caused the Whiskey Rebellion.

National Bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 protest against the government's tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Neutrality Proclamation

A 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict following the French Revolution

Citizen Edmond Genet

French government representative asking for assistance for the French Revolution. Violated the Neutrality Proclamation.

Washington's Farewell Address