(8/25-8/29) Chapter 2: Research in Health Psychology

Apply to Biopsychosocial Model to Clinical Depression

What are the 2 parts for Protection for Participants

Code of Ethics

IRB

Describe Code of Ethics (Hint: 2)

Some parts are enforceable and some are not

Exists as primarily an enforceable document for psychologists

Describe IRB (Hint: 4)

Institutional Review Board

Reviews any research that has participants

Made up mosty of faculty

Ensures participannt safety beofre research even starts

Evidence Based Treatment (Hint: 4)

Back by the literature

Have substantial support for use of that treatment (Ex: CBT)

“Gold stamped”

Individual and clinician

How do we reach the gold stamped level? (Hint: 2)

Multiple studies (replication)

Typically want randomized trails (Minimal bias, control, and diverse samples)

Misinformation

Comes from a lack of eplaining evidence-based treatment

List and describe an example of misinformation (Hint: 3)

Tiktok:

Mental heatlh treatment/info

85% of information on TIktok is misleading/false

Health psychology heavily includes what?

Epidemiology

Epidemiiology

Looks at frequency, distribution, and presumed cause of diseases/preocesses

Etiology

Presumes cause

List the 4 types of research methods

Descriptive studies

Experimetnal methods

Quasi experimental design

Developmental studies

What are the 4 types of Descriptive Studies

Case Studies

Surveys/Interviews

Focus Groups

Naturalistic Observation

Case Studies (Hint: 4)

Single person study (usually with rare diseases)

Limit: Not generalizable but… may five really important information

Limit: No control over study

Descriptive in nature → No cahngeing or manupulating anything

Surveys/Interviews

Just gathering information

Describe Naturalistic Observation (Hint: 6)

In the other 3 cases, you are more ina structured lab setting, but here you are in nautre

Can gain information by positioning yourself in natural settings (Example: Going toan elementary school to watch the overactivity of elementary school kids

Cons: May change activity if you are there

These studies will be able to use correlations and relaitonships

Correlation does NOT equal causation

Problem: Third variable problem

Third variable problem (Hint: 4)

AKA Confounding variable

External influences can relate to these correlations

Can’t control so can’t find that possible 3rd variable

Ex.) Murder rates and ice cream sales increase, but the third varibale is temperature

Independent Variable (IV) (Hint: 2)

Variable you change

Example: Adult display of aggression (Control: No display)

Dependent Variable (DV) (Hint: 3)

Outcome variable

Example: Anger

Need statistics

Describe Experimental Methods (Hint: 5)

Conrol

Independant Variable

Dependent Variable

Problems: Bias, placebo effect, 3rd variable problem

Need to use random assignment to reduce bias

Describe why bias is a problem in experimental methods (Hint: 2)

Sometimes we run into issues where the design is good but who is comparing the sample

Sample error (Example: every kid from Erie is not generalized enough)

Describe Quasi Experimental Design (Hint: 3)

Not a true experimental design

Variable of interest s not able to be manipulated (Example: Age, sex, genetics, height, race/ethnicity, SES)

Problem: Cannot draw cause and effect conclusions

Describe an Example of a Quasi Experimental Design (Hint: 4)

Looking at parenting styles and children’s fast food intake

DV: Fast food comsumption

IV (Kind of): Parenting Style (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, or Neglectful)

Problem: We aren’t changing the parenting style

What are the 2 types of Developmental Studies

Cross Sectional Study

Longitudina Study

Cross Sectional Study (Hint: 2)

Cus through at 1 point in time

Example: Look at all in this class now (Look at many points: gpa, fast food intake, sleep, etc.)

Longitudinal Study (Hint: 6)

Expands a long period of time

Multiple points of data over a long period of tme

Example: Follow the psych class for 50 years

Problem: Attrition (people leaving study)

Problem: Logistics

Done a lot in hospital systems

What are the 4 ways to measure Epidemiology

Morbidity (disease)

Mortality (death)

Incidence (example: 1 year)

Prevalence

Morbidity (Hint: 2)

Who has the disease

Number of cases of a process at a given time

Mortality

Dealths secondary to disease

Incidence

Number of NEW cases of disease that exist in a given time interval

Prevalence

TOTAL number of cases of disease taht exist in a given time interval

Randomized CLinical Trials (RCT) (Hint: 3)

Gold standard of miomedical research

True experimental design

Boosted becasue you are usually using multiple demographics

Meta Analysis (Hint: 4)

Aggragating studies that are similar

Useful but limited

Upping sample which is good

Problem: not manipulating anything