micro test

differences in rRNA

The phylogenetic classification of bacteria is based on

biochemical testing

based on the presence of bacterial enzymes

Serology

based on specific reactions between antibodies and the antigen

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

based on pairing between complimentary bases

DNA Base Comparison

based on the %G+C content

1.Differential Staining

2. Morphological Characteristics

3. Biochemical tests

4.Serology

Name 4 Identification methods used in a standard bacteriology lab

1.Nucleotide base composition (Guanine and Cytosine)

2.rRNA Sequences

Name 2 Methods that are NOT used to identify bacteria, but can be used in classification

Prions

an infectious protein

Latent viral infection

Virus remains asymptomatically in host cells for long period (ex. herpes simplex virus)

Persistent viral infection

Disease processes occur over a long period, generally fatal (ex. measles virus)

Stucture of Capsid

the viruses are divided into 4 morphological types based on

Helical Virus

Polyhedral Virus

Envelope Virus

Complex Virus

Rotavirus

In “Human Rotavirus 2” what is the genus name?

Human Rotavirus

In “Human Rotavirus 2” what is the species name?

Human Rotavirus 2

In “Human Rotavirus 2” what is the sub species name?

Viral Species

a group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche/host. Common names are used for species.

Lysogeny

phage DNA is incorporated into host cell DNA to form a prophage

Bacteriophage or phage

Viruses that infect bacteria

Cell Culture

eukaryotic cells (animal or plant) grow in culture media

Oncogenic Viruses

viruses that activate oncogenes, transform normal cells into cancerous cells

Mycobacterium

Acid-Fast stain is used to identify

Treponema

Spirochaete that cause Syphilis

haemophilus

Require hemoglobin or X and V factors for growth

Bordetella

Cause of pertussis (whooping cough)

Salmonella

Enteric Bacteria; cause of typhoid fever

Borrelia

Spirochaete that cause lyme disease

Yersinia

Transmitted by Fleas; cause of plague

Bartonella

Cause of cat-scratch disease

Streptococcus

Cause of great variety of diseases

Vibrio

Slightly curved rods; cause of cholera

Escherichia

most common inhabitant of the human intestinal tract

Mycoplasma

does not have a cell wall

clostridium

Cause of tetanus

Pseudomonas

Can grow at 4 C responsible for food spoilage

Neisseria

Gram negative diplococcus; cause of gonorrhea

Staphylococcus

grow in high salt concentrations

Rickettsia/ Enrlichia

require an arthropod for transmission

Corynebacterium

Cause of diphtheria

bacterial enzymes

biochemical testing is based on the presence of

genus

In the scientific name Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter is the:

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

The following figure demonstrates how _________ works

1. slide agglutination

2. western blot

3. ELISA

The following is an example for serological tests

Archaea

Are prokaryotic, unicellular, non-pathogenic, and lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall

aceae

in bacteria, the family name ends with

ales

order ends up with

Kingdom

for bacteria _____ is not assigned

Archae, bacteria, Eukarya

The three-domain system are

Bacteria

Are prokaryotic, pathogenic, has peptidoglycan in cell wall, and is sensitive to antibiotics.

Eukarya

is eukaryotic, cell wall varies; carbs

1.pathogens

2.mutations in cancer cells

3.genes responsible for genetic disorders

DNA chips and microarrays can be used to detect

Domain-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species

Correct order

rRNA sequence

bacteria are classified based on their

Western Blot

The following figure demonstrates how the ______________ works

Polymerase Chain Reaction

PCR stands for

3&6

Gel electrophoresis with DNA fragments of 7 bacterial species are shown in the following figure, which of them are closely related?

Taxonomy

Classifying organisms

Patient is A is positive for Salmonella because of clumps

Slide agglutination test was performed using the serum of two patients, patient A and patient B, to detect antigen for Salmonella,

Serological testing is based on the fact that

Antibodies react specifically with an antigen

Their DNA can hybridize

What indicates that the two organisms are closely related

Phenotypic Classification

Based on the differences in bacterial morphology

Gram reaction

You have isolated a prokaryotic cell. The first step in identification is:

Mycoplasma

Small, pleomorphic, doesn’t have a cell wall

Leptospirosis, Lyme disease, syphilis

The bacteria in the following figure can cause:

Clostridium Tetanii

causes tetanus, gram negative rods, produce terminal endospores

Shigella

infect only humans

Lyme

Rash at the bite site

Brucella

World’s most common zoonosis is caused by

Enterics are

gram negative rods, found in the human intestine.

Salmonella

Cause typhoid fever, enteric, all species of salmonella are pathogenic

Pseudomonas

grow at refrigerator temperatures

Proteobacteria

E.coli is a gram negative bacteria, hence it belongs to phylum

gram negative diplococcus

Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be identified by performing a simple gram stain because it is a:

1.chains

2.single or pairs

3.clusters

Arrangement of cocci can be

firmicute 33-44%

The (G+C) content of Bacillus anthracis is 35%, hence it belongs to phylum:

The two organisms are unrelated and belongs to two different phyla

The (G+C) content of organism X is 65% and (G+C) content of organism Y is 42%. Which of the following can be concluded from these data?

Actinobacteria

The (G+C) content of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is 66%, hence it belongs to phylum:

proteobacteria

gram negative bacteria

firmicutes and actinobacteria

gram positive bacteria

Chlamydia and spirochetes

Assorted Phyla

lysozymes

Bacteriophages derive all of the following from the host cell except:

Viroids

does not have a protein coat, consists mainly of ss RNA, are plant pathogens

Prions

infections proteins

latent Viruses

Some viruses, such as Human Herpes virus 1, infect cells without causing symptoms, these are called:

Coronaviridae

family

Human Coronavirus

species

coronavirus

genus

coronavirus 1 or 2

subspecies

Viridae

Virus family name ends with

they cannot reproduce themselves outside of a host cell

support the idea that viruses are non-living chemicals?

viruses

Cytopathic effects can be seen when cells are infected with:

cancer

Continuous cell lines originate from ______________________ cells.

electron

Viruses can be observed using a/an __________________ microscope.

Lytic Cycle

phage causes lysis and death of host cell

viridae

family names ends in

virus

genus names ends in

cytopathic effects

cells pile up and round up

Multiplication of bacteriophages(Lytic Cycle)

1.Attachment-phage attaches by tail fibers to host cell

2.Penetration-Phage lysozyme opens cell wall, tail sheath contracts to force tail core and DNA into cell

3. Biosynthesis-production of phage DNA and proteins

4.Maturation-Assembly of phage particles

5.Release-Phage lysozyme breaks cell wall