Bioenergetic (notes)

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31 Terms

1
What are the main purposes for which all life requires energy?
Synthesis, reproduction, active transport, movement, temperature control.
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2
What is metabolism?
The totality of an organism's chemical reactions.
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3
What are catabolic pathways?
Pathways that release energy by breaking down complex structures into simpler compounds.
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4
What is an example of catabolic pathways?
Cellular respiration, which is the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
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5
What is an anabolic pathway?
A pathway that consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.
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6
What is potential energy?
Energy that matter possesses because of its location and structure.
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7
Define Gibbs free energy (G).
The amount of energy available to do work (usable energy).
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8
What indicates a spontaneous reaction?
An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and has ΔG < 0.
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9
What is an endergonic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous, with ΔG > 0.
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10
What is activation energy?
The energy required for a reaction to proceed, causing reactant(s) to become contorted and unstable.
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11
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
The total amount of energy in the universe is constant; energy cannot be created or destroyed.
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12
What do autotrophs do to obtain energy?
They use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds.
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13
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate, the cell's energy shuttle.
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14
How does ATP drive cellular work?
By coupling exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones.
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15
What happens during ATP hydrolysis?
ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy.
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16
What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, enabling continuous ATP production by keeping electrons moving.
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17
What is fermentation?
The breakdown of glucose yielding ATP without O2.
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18
What type of fermentation occurs in human cells during low oxygen availability?
Lactic acid fermentation.
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19
What is produced as a waste product during alcoholic fermentation?
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
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20
What do fermentation processes recycle to allow glycolysis to continue?
NAD+.
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21
What is the efficiency of glycolysis alone or as part of fermentation in capturing energy from glucose?
Not very efficient, capturing only about 2% of the energy available from glucose.
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22

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions?

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy.

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23

What is the function of coenzymes?

Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

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24

What is glycolysis?

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.

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25

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?

Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.

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26

How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?

Up to 38 ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose.

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27

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) generates electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) and ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

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28

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct formation of ATP from ADP during a metabolic reaction.

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29

What are the key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.

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30

What is oxidative stress?

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, leading to cellular damage.

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31

What is a metabolic pathway?

A metabolic pathway is a series of enzymatic reactions that convert a substrate into a product.

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