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What is the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions?
Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy.
What is the function of coenzymes?
Coenzymes are organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.
What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
How many ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
Up to 38 ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose.
What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) generates electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) and ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Substrate-level phosphorylation is the direct formation of ATP from ADP during a metabolic reaction.
What are the key differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.
What is oxidative stress?
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, leading to cellular damage.
What is a metabolic pathway?
A metabolic pathway is a series of enzymatic reactions that convert a substrate into a product.