Motivation and Emotion: Exam 2

physiological needs

a deficit in an essential biological condition

psychological drive

conscious manifestation of an underlying unconscious physiological need; can energize and direct behavior

homeostasis

body’s tendency to maintain stable conditions around a set point

Set Point

a desired bodily state that is ideal for survival

Allostasis

making changed to cope with expected environmental demands

Alliesthesia

changes in the body that which behaviors feel pleasant or unpleasant

Negative Feedback

homeostatis’ physiological stop system

Thirst

a psychological drive that regulated water intake

Resting (Basal) Metabolism

energy needed for basic life functions (blood circulation, respiration, neural activity)

Thermic Effects

energy needed to digest/store food

Physical Activity

voluntary and spontaneous physical activity (walking, fidgeting, exercise, sitting up

Energy Homeostasis

balance between energy intake (eating) and energy expenditure (behavior) over time

Higher than set point

appetite decreases and energy expenditure increases

Lower than set point

appetite increases and energy expenditure decreases

Dual Intervention Point Model

body weight settles between an upper and lower boundary

lower boundary

minimum weight for survival

upper boundary

increases risk of predation

Energy levels monitored by

the hypothalamus

Glucose

simple sugars obtained from carbohydrates, first source of energy following a meal

When glucose levels are low

hunger drive is activated

Energy homeostasis is also regulated by different

hormones

Ghrelin

released by stomach; stimulates feelings hunger, signals lack of energy

Cholecystokinin

released by small intestine; regulates

Leptin

released by adipose tissue; regulated long-term energy homeostasis

Prolonged ignored feelings of hunger do not increase, but

eventually disappear

Satiety

feeling full, decline in pleasure food provides

satiety is based on the _______ of food rather than energy content

quantity

Cephalic responses

physiological response to smell/taste of food can increase appetite

Palatability

the pleasantness of food can increase appetite

Quantity

the amount of food available is associated with appetite

More eaten as __________ increases

plate size

Variety

Mechanisms evolved to make sure we eat different nutritionally balanced food

Sensory Specific Satiety

repeatedly eating the same foods blunts appetite

Mere Exposure Effect

exposure increases liking

Conditioned liking

adding sugar to foods can increase liking and eventually acceptance of that food without sugar

Conditioned nonliking

taste aversion following a negative experience with food

Boundary Model of Eating

model addresses when eating begins (hunger) and stops (satiety)

Zone of biological indifference

where social factors and palatability influence how much is eaten

zone is _______ for restrained eaters (dieters) because they impose more external rules on their eating patterns

larger

Restrained eaters

impose external rules on when and what they can eat instead of following hunger cues

Anorexia Nervosa

more likely among women, though it can and does occur in men

Anorexia Nervosa may exhibit

body dysmorphia

excessive exercises

inability to read internal cues of hunger and fullness

Refeeding syndrome

body loses ability to digest food after long period of starvation

Motives

PUSH

Incentives and Goals

PULL

Physiological Needs

result from deviation in homeostatic conditions

Psychological Drive

conscious response to a physiological need

Psychological needs

a deficit in a person’s set point level of some incentive, activity or experience

Redintegration

the process by which an environmental stimulus activates a psychological need

Negative reinforcement

satisfies the need; removes negative feelings

positive reinforcement

provide pleasant experience; adds more positive feelings

Traits

individual differences in needs

States

situational differences in needs

Explicit Motives

psychological need that is conscious, readily accessible, and verbally stated

Explicit means

conscious awareness

Explicit motives are assessed with

objective, self-report measures

Implicit Motives

a psychological need that is implied or inferred from the person’s characteristic thought, emotions, and behavior

implicit means

unconscious

Implicit Motives can be assessed with

implicit, projective measures

Operationally define the need

procedure used to measure the existence of a need; projective tests for implicit motives and objective measures for explicit motives

Projective Tests

Thematic Apperception Test

Issues with Projective Tests

low reliability across pictures, low reliability across time

Objective Measures

captured using self-report scales

Testing whether need intensity is associated with

satisfying behavior

Physiological Needs

food, water, warmth, rest

Safety Needs

security and safety

Belongingness

intimate relationships, friends

Esteem

prestige and feeling of accomplishment

Self-Actualization

achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities

Revised Pyramid

keeps physiological needs, safety, and belongingness

Revised Pyramid changed

how the needs are organized and develop

Differing perspectives

reproductive goals, search for meaning, and pursuit of happiness

Achievement Motivation Theory

everyone has a motive to achieve and a motive to avoid failure

Motive to achieve success

disposition to engage in task-oriented behavior to surpass a high standard of excellence

Motive to avoid failure

opposite of the need to achieve, anxiety and fear about failing, inhibits people from attempting tasks

as probability of success decreases, incentive value ____

increases

High achievement motivation

more persistence

Need for Competence

feeling capable in one’s own environment

Maintaining a minimum quantity of ______________ interpersonal relationships

lasting positive and significant

Seize and Freeze

tendency to commit to a conclusion

Need for Cognition

a desire to understand one’s experiences and things in the world through thinking

High need for cognition

enjoys thinking, solving complex issues, continuing education

Low need for closure

takes things at face value and doesn’t question them

High NFC

prefer verbal complexity, arguments based in reason

Low NFC

prefer verbal simplicity, arguments based in emotion

set point

this is the desired bodily state that is ideal for survival

negative feedback system

homeostasis’s physiological stop system is called

allostasis

making changes to cope with expected environmental demands (e.g., putting on a coat before going outside in the winter)

alliesthesia

this explains why the more dehydrated we are, the better water tastes

energy homeostasis

this is a balance between energy intake via eating and energy expenditure over time

glucose

a simple sugar that serves as the body’s first source of energy

thermic effects

this refers to the energy that the body need to digest and store foods

body fat

in moderate amounts, this provides the body’s best source of stored energy, protects organs, and helps regulate hormones

ghrelin, leptin, and CCK

which of the following are hormones that help regulate appetite

carrying costs

this explains why people’s metabolism increases when they gain weight

human nature and environment

food preferences are the result of an interaction between these two factors

zone of biological indifference

according to the boundary model of eating, a place where external, social factors contribute to how much food is eaten

sensory specific satiety

this phenomenon explains why repeatedly eating the same food will blunt appetite

restrained eaters/dieters

these eaters impose external rules on when and and what they can eat and are more prone to binge eating

anorexia nervosa

a disorder characterized by an extreme fear of gaining weight, often accompanied by excessive exercise