2.3- Periodic Table and Periodic Law

Lavossier

compiled a list of known elements in the 1700s → established organization of substances based off of natural elements

john newlands

proposed elements to be arranged by increasing atomic mass

octet law

properties are repeated every 8th element (1 and 8, 2 and 9)

meyer and mendeleev

connected properties and mass

mendeleev

predicted existence of unknown elements and their properties

mosely

rearranged table by atomic number and found a clear pattern

periodic law

repetition of chemical and physical properties while mass increases

strategically

every spot on the periodic table is _______ placed

representative elements

elements in the s and p block that possess a wide variety of chemical and physical properties

differentiate

the point of electron dot configuration is to _____ energy

metals

elements that are generally shiny when smooth and clean, solid at room temp, and conduct heat

alkali metals

all elements in group one (besides hydrogen) that are very reactive

alkali earth metals

group 2 elements

transition metals

the d block

inner transition metals

the f block- lanthanodes and actinodes

nonmetals

gases or brittle, poor conductors of heat and electricity

halogens

group 17 → highly reactive

noble gases

group 18 → extremely unreactive → full outer shell

metalloids

hybrids of metals and nonmetals

set

thinking of atoms as balloons

electron configuration

what is atomic size influenced by

half

for metals, radius is ___the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms

left to right

decrease in radius from…

top to bottom

increase in radius from…

shielding

layers of electrons that protect valence electrons from the pull of the nucleus

decrease

as positive charge increases, shields …

outermost orbital

atomic radius increases down a group because ___ size increases

opposing

no shielding occurs due to … attraction without extra layers

california

where the world’s largest star was at one point

fusion

releasing energy by forcing hydrogen to fuse together

NIF

what ignites self-sustaining fusion

ignition

igniting a fusion reaction that emits more energy than put in

back and forth

lasers amplify by racing…

precision

diamond shells require extreme…

center of the sun

fusion achieved temperatures hotter than the…

multiply

to make widespread, plants need to ___ factors immensely

1; 10

*__* fusion per day to __ fusions per second

ion

atoms or bonded group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

valence electron

atoms can get smaller due to the loss of a ___ (leaves an empty outer orbital)

electrostatic repulsion

what the addition of an electron increases

15

negative ions start with group…

to get a full set of 8

why do negative ions start with group fifteen

N3-

what comes after C

ionization energy

energy requirement to remove an electron from a gaseous atom

Zeff

effective nuclear charge

first ionization energy

energy to remove the first electron (easiest due to lack of pull)

cations

positive ions

anions

negative ions

electronegativity

the attraction of an electron to the pull of the nucleus

1

group that wants to lose an electron desperately

17

group that wants to gain an electron desperately

naked eye

gold cant be seen with the…

1 oz

for every ton of rocks there is ___ of gold

flux

prevents molten gold from reaction

copper

element that is used in almost everything