**Urinary System Disorders

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to urinary system disorders, aiding in understanding and memorization for exam preparation.

Urinary System

Removes metabolic wastes, hormones, drugs, regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.

Nephron

Functional units of the kidneys, with over a million nephrons per kidney.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone that promotes water reabsorption in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts.

Aldosterone

Hormone secreted by adrenal cortex that facilitates sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium or hydrogen.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Rate at which blood is filtered in the glomeruli of the kidneys, controlled by autoregulation, SNS, and renin.

Incontinence

Loss of voluntary control over urination.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder, often resulting in dysuria, urgency, and frequency.

Pyelonephritis

A kidney infection that may involve one or both kidneys, leading to systemic signs and symptoms.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammatory disorder marked by the presence of antistreptococcal antibodies and increased capillary permeability.

Nephrotic Syndrome

A condition characterized by excessive protein loss in urine, often following several renal diseases.

Urolithiasis

Formation of stones in the urinary tract causing obstruction and potential infections.

Hydronephrosis

Swelling of one or both kidneys due to a buildup of urine from an obstruction.

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Primary malignant tumor arising from renal tubular epithelium, more common in smokers and men.

Bladder Cancer

Malignant tumors arising from the transitional epithelium of the bladder, often presenting with hematuria.

Nephrosclerosis

Involves vascular changes in the kidneys that can lead to chronic renal failure.

Wilms’ Tumor

Most common tumor in children, characterized by a large abdominal mass and defects in tumor suppressor genes.

Acute Renal Failure

Sudden loss of kidney function usually caused by shock, nephrotoxins, or obstruction.

Chronic Renal Failure

Gradual, irreversible decrease in kidney function, leading to significant retention of fluids and wastes.

Oliguria

Reduced urine output, commonly seen in acute and chronic renal failure.

Anuria

Absence of urine production, typically a sign of kidney failure or obstruction.