Alexander Hernandez Chapter 2 Cytology

what does cytology mean

the study of cells

what is cell theory

the cell is the smallest unit of life that can maintain and perpetuate itself

who are the three scientists who came up with cell theory

Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Schwann, Rudolf Virchow

how are cells limited in size

if they grow to big they have to divide because not enough in not enough out

what does pro mean

before

what does karyo mean

nucleus

what are fibriae

attachment structures of the surface of some prokaryotes

what is the nucleoid

a region where the cell’s DNA is located

what does -oid mean

resemble

what does eu- mean

true

how big are animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells

10x

what is the cell membrane

the phopholipid bilayer enclosing the cell

what does the cell membrane act as

a semi-permeable membrane

what does semi-permeable mean

allowing only some substances to leave or enter the cell

describe the phospholipid bi-layer

a double layer of phospholipid molecules with embedded proteins and a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic head

what does philia mean

love of

what does phobic mean

dislike of

what are microvilli

a fold of the cell membrane that increases its surface area

what is cytoplasm made of

cytosol

what happens when too much waste product accumulates in the cell

it becomes too toxic

what do all living things need to be surrounded by

water

what is the purpose of the phospholipid bi-layer

to seperate the two fluid compartments

what are embedded proteins

proteines on the surface of the phospholipid bi-layer that serve different purposes

what are ion channles

embedded proteins that specifically open and close for ionic particles

what are transporter proteins

embedded proteins that transmit sugar/ amino acids and sometimes use atp in active transport

what are enzymes

embedded proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

what are receptor sites

embedded proteins that are on specific cells and identify and receive hormones, neurotransmitters and drugs

what are recognition sites

embedded proteins that allow WBC to recognize your cells

what are side effects

when drugs attach to the wrong receptor sites

what are immunosuppressant drugs

drugs that weaken your immune system

what is thalidomide

thalidomide was a medication that pregnant women took to reduce nausea

what are the side effects of thalidomide

the babies the women were carrying had birth defects in which there arms and legs would not grow.

what is the nucleus

the membrane bound organel that contains dna and rna

what is the nucleolus

the part of the nucleus that stores RNA (needed for protein synthesis)

what are chromatin

the free floating DNA in the nucleus

what are chromosomes

the coiled chromosomes in the nucleus

what is the endoplasmic reticulum er

a network of tubular canals that connects the nuclear membrane with cell membrane

what is the function of the ER

functions like a little circulatory system within the cell or transport of molecules

what is the function of the smooth ER

contains enzyme system involved in lipid & steroid metabloism

what is on the rough ER

ribosomes

what are ribosomes

the organelle where protein is synthesized

what is the golgi complex

a stack of membranous saccules

what is the function of the golgi complex

to store modify and package chemical substances formed in the ER

what are vacuoles

big storage containers in the golgi complex

what are vessicles

small storage containers in the golgi complex

what are lysomes

suicide bags/ saccules that contains digestive enzymes to break down cells

what do lysosomes contain

hydrolytic enzymes (digestive)

where are lysosomes made

the golgi complex

what is autolysis

a programmed cell death

what are mitochondria

the part of the cell responsible for making ATP

what is cellular respiration

the process by which a cell generates ATP

what are centrioles

a membrane organelle in animal cells that is important in cell division

where do you find centrioles

animal cells

what are the two organelles for motion

flagella & cilia

what is the flagella

a whip like tail

what are cilia

fine, motile hairs

where are two common places the cillia is found

in the airways of lungs to catch dust and foreign substances and fallopian tubes

what is interphase

period from when the cell is formed until the cell starts to divide

what is the g1 phase of interphase

period of cell growth

what is the s phase of interphase

DNA synthesis phase

what is the g2 of interphase

period of cell growth (again)

what are the four steps of the mitotic phase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

what is prophase

dna coils and mitotic apparatus forms

what is metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

what is anaphase

chromosomes move apart to opposite ends of the cell (karyokinesis)

what is telophase

cytokinesis cell constricts into two cells & cell returns to interphase appearance

what is cytokinesis

the cell constricting into two

how often do skin cells, blood cells and cells lining the alimentary canal divide

continuously throughout life

what is the alimentary canal

the continuous tube from the mouth to the anus

how often do liver and kidney cells divide

as needed

how often do muscle and nerve cells divide

they lose their mitotic ability

what does amitotic mean

without mitosis

what are the two types of abnormal cell division

hyperplasia and neoplasm

what is hyperplasia

an increase in number of cells

what is neoplasm

a tumor

what are malignant tumors known as

cancer

what is the end result of meiosis

the production of haploid daughter cells

where does meiosis occur

in the reproductive organs

what does karyokinesis mean

nucleus movment

what does soma mean

body

what is a karyotype

the arrangement of your chromosomes in your body