Athletic Training - Nomenclature & Anatomical Injury Classifications

Flashcards reviewing anatomical terminology, injury classifications, and wound types.

The standardized body position used as a reference for anatomical descriptions.

What is the anatomical position?

Standing or supine, head/eyes/toes point forward, arms at the side with palms facing forward, lower limbs straight and together with feet facing forward.

Describe the anatomical position.

Sagittal, Frontal, and Transverse.

What are the three cardinal anatomical planes?

Toward the front of the body.

What does 'anterior' or 'ventral' mean?

Toward the back side of the body.

What does 'posterior' or 'dorsal' mean?

Toward the head.

What does 'superior', 'cranial', or 'cephalic' mean?

Moving away from the head toward the feet.

What does 'inferior' or 'caudal' mean?

Toward the midline of the body.

What does 'medial' mean?

Away from the midline of the body.

What does 'lateral' mean?

Closer proximity to the trunk or origin of reference.

What does 'proximal' mean?

Farther away from the trunk or origin of reference.

What does 'distal' mean?

Nearer to the surface of the skin.

What does 'superficial' mean?

Farther from the surface of the skin.

What does 'deep' mean?

Nearer or closer to the center of a structure or system.

What does 'central' mean?

Farther away from the center of a structure or system.

What does 'peripheral' mean?

The covering of an internal organ.

What does 'visceral' mean?

The external wall of a body cavity.

What does 'parietal' mean?

Infant (0-12 months), Toddler (1-3 years), Childhood (3-10 years), Adolescence (11-13 through 18-20 years), Young adulthood (18-20 through 35 years), Middle adulthood (35-65 years), Older adulthood (>65 years).

List the stages of physical maturity.

Boys are rated for genital development & pubic hair growth; girls are rated for breast development & pubic hair growth.

What are boys and girls rated on for sexual maturing rating?

Used for communicating effectively with other health care professionals & accurately documenting examination findings.

Why is proper anatomical reference & injury terminology are essential?

A finding that is observed or objectively measured (e.g., swelling, redness).

What is a sign?

A subjective complaint or abnormal sensation that the patient describes but that cannot be directly observed (e.g., pain, nausea, fatigue).

What is a symptom?

Sudden onset & short duration, resulting from a single traumatic event.

What is an acute injury?

Gradual onset & prolonged duration, resulting from an accumulation of minor insults or repetitive stress.

What is a chronic injury?

Injuries that do not disrupt the surface of the skin.

What are closed wounds?

Compression of soft tissue, also known as a bruise or hematoma.

What is a contusion?

Injury to a ligament or capsular structure.

What is a sprain?

Stretching or tearing of muscle/tendon.

What is a strain?

Pain with AROM, swelling, palpable tenderness, and crepitus.

What are the signs and symptoms of tendinitis?

Chronic pain & passive stretch, palpable tenderness, decreased ROM, and weakness.

What are the signs and symptoms of tendinosis?

Palpable tenderness, swelling or thickening, crepitus, decreased ROM.

What are the signs and symptoms of tenosynovitis?

Pain, tenderness, swelling, increased bony prominence.

What are the signs and symptoms of apophysitis?

Pain, redness, heat, palpable fluid accumulation, crepitus.

What are the signs and symptoms of bursitis?

Pain, swelling, decreased ROM.

What are the signs and symptoms of capsulitis?

Pain, tenderness, decreased ROM, possible calcium deposit.

What are the signs and symptoms of myositis?

Local or referred pain, pain with percussion, tenderness, impaired sensation & motor function.

What are the signs and symptoms of neuritis?

Pain, palpable swelling, tenderness/bumpiness along bone, pain with attaching muscle.

What are the signs and symptoms of periostitis?

Fracture resulting in multiple fragments or shattering of the bone at the site of injury.

What is a comminuted fracture?

Failure of the bone and subsequent compression or impaction of the fracture ends due to axial compression forces.

What is a compression fracture?

Incomplete fracture through the bone, most often occurring in young bones.

What is a greenstick fracture?

The fracture line extends obliquely or diagonally in relation to the long axis of the bone.

What is an oblique fracture?

An S-shaped fracture line that twists around and through the bone due to rotation or torsional forces.

What is a spiral fracture?

The fracture line runs transverse or horizontal to the long axis of the bone.

What is a transverse fracture?

The pulling away of a piece of bone secondary to tensioning of an attaching ligament, tendon, or muscle.

What is an avulsion fracture?

A fracture that extends through the articular cartilage and into the underlying bone.

What is an osteochondral fracture?

Complete or incomplete failure of a bone due to repetitive stress or loading.

What is a stress fracture?

Immediate pain & tenderness, rapid swelling, crepitus with movement of bony fractures, possible deformity.

What are the signs and symptoms of a traumatic fracture?

Gradual or night pain, pain or deep ache with activity, pain subsides with rest, minimal swelling, localized tenderness.

What are the signs and symptoms of a stress fracture?

Complete separation of the epiphyseal plate (epiphysis from the metaphysis).

What is a Type I Salter-Harris Fracture?

Separation of the epiphysis with associated fracture of the metaphysis.

What is a Type II Salter-Harris Fracture?

Fracture of the epiphysis extending from the epiphyseal plate through the articular surface.

What is a Type III Salter-Harris Fracture?

Fracture extending through the epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, and metaphysis.

What is a Type IV Salter-Harris Fracture?

Crushing or compression of the epiphyseal plate. This injury has a high incidence of premature closure.

What is a Type V Salter-Harris Fracture?

Complete disassociation of 2 joint surfaces.

What is a dislocation?

Immediate pain, rapid swelling, deformity, loss of function.

What are the signs and symptoms of a dislocation?

Incomplete disassociation of 2 joint surfaces.

What is a subluxation?

Pain, disability, swelling, joint instability.

What are the signs and symptoms of a subluxation?

Least severe nerve disruption; transient & reversible loss of nerve function secondary to trauma or irritation.

What is Neuropraxia?

A partial disruption in the nerve Sufficient nervous tissue is intact to allow eventual regeneration.

What is Axonotmesis?

Most severe injury; complete severance of the nerve.

What is Neurotmesis?

Injuries that involve a disruption in the continuity of the skin.

What are open wounds?

Result of sliding/friction; also known as a strawberry.

What is an abrasion?

Area of skin that is exposed to excessive friction/rubbing.

What is a blister?

Caused by a knife or sharp object that makes a clean cut through the full thickness of the skin.

What is an incision?

Caused by a blunt, rather than a sharp trauma Skin basically ruptures when a blunt force is exerted against a bony prominence.

What is a laceration?

Pointed, sharp object penetrates the skin.

What is a puncture?

The complete tearing away of a portion of skin.

What is an avulsion?

A displaced fracture or joint penetrates the surface of the skin so that the bone or joint is exposed.

What is a compound fracture?