Unit V - New South, Race Relations and Reforms

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Markets, Raw Materials and Naval Bases

Why did the U.S. change from a period of Isoationism to a period of Expansion?

Establishmant of military bases

Set the stage for Georgis'a role in WWI

1914

Beginning of WWI

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.

military alliance

close association of nations formed to provide mutual help if any one of them was attacked

Allied Powers (WWI)

France, Great Britain, Russia, United States, Japan, and Italy

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification)

Sinking of Lusitania and Zimmerman Telegram

Two events/causes were the reasons the United States entered WWI.

Zimmerman Note

Message proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

"Make the world safe for democracy"

Wilson gave this as a reason for U.S. involvement in WWI.

April 6, 1917

US enters WWI by declaring war on Germany

draft

Mandatory enrollment of individuals (males) into the military

Georgia's Contributions to WWI

*Textile mills made uniforms, blankets

*Railroads transported weapons, people, supplies to ports for trip to Europe

*Farmers grew food for military (victory gardens), cotton and tobacco

Fort McPherson

near Atlanta, treated thousands of soldiers in its hospital during WWI

Fort Benning

In Columbus, used to train WWI infantry soldiers

Fort Oglethorpe

Located on GA/Tenn line; used to hold German merchant sailors as prisoners during WWI

Eugene Jacques Bullard

First African American combat pilot; from Columbus GA

14 points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

League of Nations

An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace.

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting

Armistice Day

November 11, 1918; Germany signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting); this US holiday is now known as Veterans Day

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.

Spanish Flu

Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 40 million people

Pandemic

an epidemic of an infectious disease that spreads to more than one continent

Doughboys

A nickname for the inexperienced but fresh American soldiers during WWI

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Great Migration

the movement of African Americans from the South to northern cities to escape the harsh Jim Crow Laws

Homer Plessy

African American arrested for sitting in the "white only" section on a railroad car

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Supreme court case that challenged the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"

separate but equal doctrine

Allowed segregation to continue for decades.The doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities

Atlanta Race Riot

Tom Watson wrote in his newspaper that black males were attacking white females in 1906. A race riot lasted for three days and left many dead! Martial law was put in place.

Martial Law

type of rule in which the military is put in charge and citizens' rights are suspended

15th Amendment (1870)

gave African-American or Black men the right to vote.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Disenfranchisement

Condition of being deprived of the right to vote

Lynching

putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob - usually hanging

Poll Tax, Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause

methods used to keep African-Americans from voting

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

literacy test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

Grandfather Clause

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated or used violence against blacks to keep them from exercising their rights

Anti-Semitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Jews and Catholics

Along with African Americans, two groups that also experienced prejudice and discrimination

Booker T. Washington

Former slave who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic independence.

the most well-known African American of his time; Founded Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. DuBois

Felt African Americans should speak out against discrimination

Founded the NAACP

W.E.B. DuBois

NAACP

Key political voice for the African American Community

John Hope

First African American president for both Morehouse College and Atlanta University. Half white but choose to live as a black. Worked for social equality for African Americans all his life

Lugenia Burns Hope

Founded the Neighborhood Union; social activist; wife of John Hope.

Alonzo Herndon

Former slave, he started a chain of barber shops and the Atlanta Life Insurance Company. At his death, he was the wealthiest African American in Atlanta.

Examples of Jim Crow Laws

- segregated busing, railroads, restaurants, and schools

- voting restrictions (literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll tax)

Leo Frank

Jewish man, falsely accused of murdering a young girl in an Atlanta pencil factory. Taken from his cell and lynched by a mob.

His case led to the rebirth of the KKK in Georgia

Leo Frank

Bourbon Triumvirate

three powerful Georgia politicians during the New South Era (Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon)

Redemption Period

Time when the state struggled to overcome the hardships of Reconstruction

Benefits of Bourbon Triumvirate

Expanded industry and business, lowered taxes, reduced war debt, pushed for industrial future for Georgia

Weakenesses of Bourbon Triumvirate

All white supremacists, less money for public school system, did little to help the poor, used convict leasing system.

Brown, Colquitt, Gordon

the 3 members of the Bourbon Triumvirate.

Convict Lease System

a system in Georgia after the Civil War in which prisoners were leased to companies for their labor; companies were supposed to provide housing and food

Farmers' Alliance

network of farmers' organizations that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s

Populist Party

Supported rights and powers of the Common People.

Populist Party reforms

graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads, system of credit for farmers, eight hour workday, secret ballot

Tom Watson

A leader of the Populist Party in the South.

County Unit System

Voting method that gave rural (sparsely populated) areas more power in GA than larger urban counties; violated the 14th Amendment; made unconstitutional in 1962.

Democrats

Party which dominated the state politics when populism declined in Georgia

Suffrage

the right to vote

New South

Term that identified southern promoters' belief in the technologically advanced industrial South (with northern investment)

Henry W. Grady

Editor of Atlanta Constitution.

Promoted a "New South", organizer of the International Cotton Exposition

International Cotton Exposition

a series of three large events (1881, 1885, 1895) established to display Atlanta's growth and industrial capabilities and to lure Northern investment to the region.

Progressive Movement

Brought about changes in industry and agriculture

Rebecca Latimer Felton

Leader in suffrage, temperance movement, and helped get rid of the Convict Lease System. Oldest and First woman U.S. senator (honorary position).

Prohibition

A total ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol

John Pemberton

Inventor of Coca Cola

Atlanta

Home of the Coca-Cola company

Willis Venable

accidentally made coke when he mixed soda water with the Coca-Cola syrup for a customer's headache

Rich's Department Store

first glass window store, known for the "pink pig", lighting of Christmas Tree at Thanksgiving, celebrating Hanukah holidays, accepting produce as currency during Great Depreession