APUSH Regents 2

senate term

6 years; elected directly by voters of their respective states

House of Reps term

2 years; elected by voters in their respective congressional districts

electoral college

each state gets a number of electors equal to its representatives in congress; candidate who wins the popular vote in a state gets all of that states electoral votes

lobbying

efforts by individuals or groups to influence government decisions, particularly legislation

War of 1812

military conflict between US and GB; Causes= British restrictions on American trade, impressment of American sailors into the royal navy, British support for Indian resistance to American expansion; not a clear victory

Market Revolution

early 1800s; period of economic transformation, shifting from localized agrarian economy to an integrated and industrialized one, moving away from subsistence farming

Transportation Revolution

canals, steamboats, railroads

Compromise of 1850

passed to resolve the issue of slavery in newly acquired territories; California was a free state, Texas boundaries, abolish slave trade in DC, fugitive slave act

John Brown

led a raid on the armory in VA, aiming to spark a slave rebellion- unsuccessful, he was captured and killed, escalated tensions and sectional conflict; Potawatomie Creek: John Brown and followers killed pro-slavery settlers- Bleeding Kansas

Election of 1860

Lincoln, John C. Breckinridge, Stephen Douglas, John Bell

Credit Moblier Scandal

Grant, Union Pacific Railroad; insiders formed construction company and hired themselves at inflated prices- they pocketed excess profits, bribed politicians

Salary Grab

controversial congressional act of 1873 which increased salaries of federal officials- accusations of corruption, Grant

Whiskey Ring

Grant- whiskey distillers, etc. wanted to defraud the federal government of liquor taxes by diverting funds into their own pockets and political campaigns

Solid South

Electoral voting bloc for the democratic party between the end of reconstruction and the civil rights act

Economic developments in the north after the civil war

fueled by industrialization, technological advancements and government support, which led to increased production, increased standard of living, and expansion of markets

Economic developments in the south after the civil war

they struggled; agriculture/sharecropping remain dominant, trapping black and white farmers in poverty cycles.

corporation

legal entity separate from its owners, allowing for the accumulation of large amounts of capital

conglomerate

a large company that owns a variety of businesses in different industries

pool

informal agreement among companies to fix prices and limit competition, aiming to share profits and stabilize prices

trust

competing companies transfer control of their operations to a board of trustees, basically creating a monopoly

holding company

corporation that owns enough voting stock in other companies to control their management and policies- aimed to consolidate, control, and reduce competition

free enterprise system

individuals and businesses are relatively free to pursue their economic interests with minimal government intervention- private ownership, competition, capitalism

colonial immigration

movement of people to the british colonies in North America from the early 17th century to the revolution.

old immigration

wave of immigration before 1890, northern and western europe.

new immigration

immigrants who came to the US from southern and eastern europe and asia, from 1880s to early 1900s.

Dawes Act

1887, aimed to assimilate Native Americans into American society by dissolving tribal lands into individual plots

Wheeler- Howard Act

reversed the Dawes Act, promoted tribal self governance and cultural preservation

Grange Movement

late 19th century movement, focused on improving the economic and social conditions of farmers

Birth Control

Margaret Sanger, progressive era

Women’s suffrage movement

seneca falls convention, 19th amendment, susan b anthony, elizabeth cady stanton, ida b wells

initiative

Allows citizens to propose laws directly on the ballot by passing the legislature

Referendum

an entire lectorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal, could result in new law or policy

recall

voters can remove an elected official before their term expires.

direct primary

registered party member vote directly for their preferred candidates

Teddy Roosevelt’s Trust Busting

Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Square Deal

Square Deal

conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, consumer protection (TR)

trading policies with Japan

opened bc of matthew perry

Spanish American War Causes

yellow journalism, Maine, Cuba’s struggle for independence from Spain

Spanish American War Effects

US into a global power, US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

Britain and US, legalized US building the Panama Canal

Causes of WWI

Submarines, Lusitania, Zimmerman Note

Schenck vs US

Schenck was publishing pamphlets against the draft

Trial of Sacco and Vancetti

italian immigrant anarchists, were convicted of murder and executed

Court Packing Plan

expand the number of judges on the court to change the ideological balance (FDR)

Demobilization after WWII

rapid and large-scale discharge of military personnel, sending millions of service members back to civilian life

Servicemen’s readjustment Act/ GI Bill

federal program that helps veterans and their families pay for education and training

Smith Act/ Alien Registration Act

criminalizes advocating the violent overthrow of the government, peacetime anti-citizen law

Peace Corps

US government agency that sends American volunteers to developing countries to work on projects related to developing countries

James Meredith

attempted to enroll as the first African American student at the university of mississippi

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed amendment that would guarantee equal rights for all Americans regardless of sex

Affirmative Action

policies and practices designed to promote equal opportunities for individuals from under-represented groups in areas of employment and education

Nixon’s foreign policy towards China

first president to visit people’s republic of china, ending hostilities, altering the balance of power, open diplomatic relations- 1972

new federalism

shift power to state and local government, eliminated programs from Kennedy and Johnson; Nixon

Nixon and inflation

attempted to combat stagflation, 90 day freeze on wages and prices, decreased gold standard, increased interest rates

26th amendment

voting age is 18

watergate

Nixon; break in at the Democratic National Committee HQ in Watergate hotel, coverup of it, led to Nixon’s resignation

president ford and oil

he wanted to reduce US dependence on foreign oil and advocated for domestic energy and new energy sources, pardoned nixon

Ford Amnesty Plan

offered to Vietnam war draft evaders and deserters, aimed to heal national divisions by allowing those who deserted to return to American society through public service

Whip Inflation Now Campaign

encouraged voluntary consumer spending reductions and cost cutting measures, aimed to combat stagflation

Torrijos Carter Treaties

Jimmy Carter led to transfer of control of the panama canal to panama ; Panama Canal Treaty and the Neutrality Treaty

SALT

continued by Jimmy Carter until soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Carter provided aid to African Rebels

Camp David Accords

pair of agreements signed in 1978 that led to a peace treaty between egypt anad israel

Boycott of the Moscow Olympics

led by United States, Cold War, Jimmy Carter did it bc the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan

Corporate Bail-Outs

government interventions during the great recession of 2008, aimed at rescuing failing financial institutions and preventing a collapse of the banking system

Energy Crisis

Significant disruptions in oil supply and price during the 1970s, stemming from events in the Middle East

Iran Contra Affair

Raegan, scandal where US secretly arms to Iran and diverted the profits to fund an anti-communist group in Nicaragua

Supply- Side Economics/ Raeganomics

Economic growth is best achieved by encouraging the production of goods and services

Star Wars

Ronald Raegan strategic defense initiative to develop and space-based missile defense system

immigration acts under Raegan

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986/ Simpson Mazzoli Act: granted amnesty to three million undocumented immigrants

Persian Gulf War

Conflict in 1991, triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait; we wanted to liberate Kuwait

Invasion of Panama

Operation Just Cause; aimed to oust the leader, who was accused of drug trafficking, and protecting the Panama Canal

ending Bosnia war

initially proposed lift and strike policy which was abandoned, ultimately Clinton administration helped orchestrate NATO intervention

Clinton in South Africa

supported end of apartheid and establishment of democratic government in S. Africa

NATO Expansion

Clinton; helped invite Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic in 1999; key part of Clinton’s vision for a stronger and more unified Europe; Russia saw it as a potential threat

Clinton Healthcare

aimed to provide health insurance to all Americans; businesses with 50+ employees would need to offer health insurance; failed

Clinton Lewinsky Scandal

Clinton had an affair with white house intern, Monica Lewinsky; allegations of perjury because he previously denied it; house voted to impeach him, senate forgave him

Clinton Boom

strong economy, job growth, decrease in poverty, 22 million new jobs, historically low unemployment rates

Operation Iraqi Freedom/ Iraq war

began in 2003 with US led invasion of Iraq, part of the global war on terror after 9/11, goals were to remove Suddan Hussein, dismantle weapons of mass destruction, promote democracy

2000 election

Bush vs. Al Gore; Gore won the popular vote, Florida helped Bush win electoral college even though there were concerns over the accuracy of the vote count

Bush Tax Cuts

economic growth and tax relief reconciliation act of 2001; Jobs and growth tax relief reconciliation act of 2003; reduced income tax rates, lowered taxes on capital gains and dividends, phased out the estate tax

no child left behind act

established standard based education reform in 2002, implemented standardized testing

Bush Social Security Proposals

centered on the idea of allowing individuals to invest a portion of their payroll taxes in personal retirement accounts; partial privatization; aimed to address concerns about longevity of SSA and offer individuals more control over retirement savings

war on terror

global effort to combat terrorism, especially Al Qaeda, involved military action, disrupting terrorist financing, enhancing international cooperation and homeland security

Bush Doctrine

war on terror, emphasized pre-emptive military action against nations harboring or supporting terrorists