Statistics and Research Methodology

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from research methodology and statistics lectures.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics that summarize data from a sample using measures such as the mean, median, and mode.

Frequency Distribution

A table that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a dataset.

Histogram

A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data, where frequencies are represented by vertical bars.

Cumulative Frequency

The sum of the frequencies for a set of data values, showing the total number of observations that lie below a particular value.

Skewness

A measure of the asymmetry of the distribution of values in a dataset.

Kurtosis

A statistical measure that describes the shape of the distribution in terms of its peakedness or flatness.

Sampling Distribution

The probability distribution of a statistic obtained through a large number of samples drawn from a specific population.

Standard Deviation

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

Z-score

The number of standard deviations a data point is from the mean.

Normal Curve

A symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution characterized by its mean and standard deviation.

Confidence Interval

A range of values used to estimate the true value of a population parameter.

Outlier

A data point that differs significantly from the other observations in a dataset.

Central Limit Theorem

A statistical theory that states that the sampling distribution of the sample means approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases.

Variance

The average of the squared differences from the mean, indicating the degree of spread in the dataset.

Monotonic Transformation

A transformation that maintains the order of the data while adjusting its scale.

Intercoder Reliability

A measure of consistency between different coders when analyzing qualitative data.