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What are the primary functions of bones in the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.

What is the role of cartilage in the skeletal system?

Cartilage cushions joints.

What do ligaments connect?

Ligaments connect bone to bone.

What do tendons connect?

Tendons connect muscle to bone.

Name the four types of bones.

Long (e.g., humerus, femur), Short (e.g., carpals, tarsals), Flat (e.g., skull, ribs, sternum), Irregular (e.g., vertebrae, facial bones).

What are the two types of bone composition?

Compact bone (dense, strong) and Spongy bone (porous, houses red marrow).

What are the main structures of a long bone?

Diaphysis (shaft), Epiphysis (ends), Medullary cavity, Periosteum, Endosteum.

What is an osteon?

The structural unit of compact bone.

What is the function of osteocytes?

Osteocytes are bone cells located in lacunae and connected by canaliculi.

What are the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Osteoblasts build bone, while osteoclasts break down bone.

What is a simple fracture?

A simple (closed) fracture is when the bone doesn't pierce the skin.

What is a compound fracture?

A compound (open) fracture is when the bone breaks through the skin.

What is a comminuted fracture?

A comminuted fracture is when the bone is shattered.

What is a greenstick fracture?

A greenstick fracture is a partial break, commonly seen in children.

What are the structural types of joints?

Fibrous (immovable), Cartilaginous (slightly movable), Synovial (freely movable).

What are the functional types of joints?

Synarthrosis (immovable), Amphiarthrosis (slight movement), Diarthrosis (freely movable).

Give examples of synovial joints.

Ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip), Hinge (elbow, knee), Pivot (atlas-axis), Saddle (thumb), Plane (carpals).

Central canal

blood vessels and nerves

Name 4 bone markings

Foramen: hole

Fossa: depression

Condyle: rounded joint surface

Spine/crest: ridge or sharp projection

What does ossification do

forms bone

What is epiphyseal plate

grows in length and is controlled by growth hormones and PTh

Remodeling responds to what

stress and calcium needs