ial psychology

Summarise in 3 words - Pavlov (1902)

Classical conditioning discovered

How does it support classical conditioning? - Pavlov (1902)

Dogs learned to salivate to a bell after repeated pairing with food, showing classical conditioning.

Summarise in 3 words - Watson & Rayner (1920)

Conditioned fear response

How does it support classical conditioning? - Watson & Rayner (1920)

Fear (CR) was conditioned in Little Albert by pairing a neutral stimulus (rat) with a loud noise (UCS).

G - Generalisability - Watson & Rayner (1920)

Only one baby; can't generalise to others.

R - Reliability - Watson & Rayner (1920)

Controlled procedure and timings were recorded, supporting replicability.

A - Application - Watson & Rayner (1920)

Led to development of therapies for phobias.

V - Validity - Watson & Rayner (1920)

Controlled (internal validity high); artificial setting reduced ecological validity.

E - Ethics - Watson & Rayner (1920)

No consent, caused harm, no debrief/desensitisation.

Summarise in 3 words - Capafóns et al. (1998)

Testing fear reduction

How does it support classical conditioning? - Capafóns et al. (1998)

Fear of flying was reduced using counterconditioning (systematic desensitisation).

G - Generalisability - Capafóns et al. (1998)

Volunteer sample; may not generalise to wider population.

R - Reliability - Capafóns et al. (1998)

Used a consistent treatment protocol.

A - Application - Capafóns et al. (1998)

Can be applied to treat other phobias.

V - Validity - Capafóns et al. (1998)

Used self-reports and physiological measures; artificial setting may affect generalisability.

E - Ethics - Capafóns et al. (1998)

Exposure may have caused temporary stress but was therapeutic.

What did Skinner study? - Skinner (1948)

Operant conditioning with rats and pigeons using rewards/punishments.

How does it support operant conditioning? - Skinner (1948)

Behaviours increased when reinforced (e.g., lever press for food).

Strengths - Skinner (1948)

Controlled lab setting; clear cause and effect; supports therapies.

Weaknesses - Skinner (1948)

Used animals; may not generalise to humans; lacks ecological validity.

What did Köhler study? - Köhler (1942)

Chimpanzees solving problems with insight.

How does it challenge operant conditioning? - Köhler (1942)

Shows animals can learn via insight, not just trial and error.

Importance - Köhler (1942)

Highlights cognitive processes in learning; opposes purely behavioural view.

Key components of SLT - Bandura et al. (1961)

Observation, imitation, vicarious reinforcement, mediational processes.

Summary in 3 words - Bandura et al. (1961)

Aggression through imitation

How does it support SLT? - Bandura et al. (1961)

Children imitated aggressive role models more, especially same-sex models.

Strengths - Bandura et al. (1961)

Explains social behaviours; backed by lab evidence; includes cognitive factors.

Weaknesses - Bandura et al. (1961)

Lab setting; ignores biology (e.g., testosterone); hard to measure cognition.

G - Generalisability - Bastian et al. (2011)

The study used only university students, limiting generalisability to other age groups, cultures, and non-students.

R - Reliability - Bastian et al. (2011)

The use of standardised procedures, such as consistent game duration and tasks, supports high reliability and replicability.

A - Application - Bastian et al. (2011)

Findings can be used to understand the psychological impact of violent video games, particularly their effect on empathy and self-perception.

V - Validity - Bastian et al. (2011)

The artificial lab environment and reliance on self-report measures may reduce ecological and internal validity.

E - Ethics - Bastian et al. (2011)

Participants may have experienced psychological effects; ethical concerns include informed consent, debriefing, and protection from harm.