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In a population of 500 students, a researcher divides the population into subgroups based on grade level (freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors) and then randomly selects participants from each subgroup. What sampling technique is the researcher using?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Systematic sampling
Stratified random sampling
What distinguishes a longitudinal research design from a cross-sectional research design?
A) Cross-sectional involves studying a phenomenon at a single point in time; longitudinal involves studying the same group over time.
B)Longitudinal involves multiple groups; cross-sectional involves a single group.
C) Longitudinal is qualitative; cross-sectional is quantitative
D) Cross-sectional is experimental; longitudinal is observational
A) Cross-sectional involves studying a phenomenon at a single point in time; longitudinal involves studying the same group over time.
Which of the following best defines sampling error in quantitative research?
A) The intentional manipulation of sample characteristics
B) The variability between different sampling techniques
C) The margin of error in statistical analyses
D) The degree to which the sample accurately represents the population.
D) The degree to which the sample accurately represents the population.
What is a key characteristic of a phenomenological research design in qualitative research?
A) Use of statistical tests for data analysis
B) Focus on exploring the lived experiences of participants.
C) Random assignment to experimental and control groups.
D) Manipulation of independent variable.
B) Focus on exploring the lived experiences of participants.
Which of the following is a common feature of grounded theory research in qualitative studies?
A) Manipulation of an independent variable
B) Use of statistical tests for data analysis
C) Emergent design and theoretical sampling
D) Pre-determined hypotheses
C) Emergent design and theoretical sampling
In qualitative research, what does the term "credibility" refer to?
A) The accuracy and authenticity of the research findings.
B) The researcher's ability to build trust with study participants
C) The extent to which the findings can be applied to other settings or populations
D) The degree to which the research design adheres to ethical standards
A) The accuracy and authenticity of the research findings.
Which of the following best defines the term "clinical outcome"?
A) The overall cost of healthcare services for a patient
B) The length of time a patient spends in a healthcare facility.
C) The measurable changes in health status resulting from medical treatment or intervention.
D) The patient's experience and satisfaction with the healthcare process.
C) The measurable changes in health status resulting from medical treatment or intervention.
What is the most accurate definition of "clinical significance"?
A) The statistical probability of a research finding being due to chance
B) The precision with which a medical intervention is administered
C)The numerical representation of the average effect size in a clinical study
D) The relevance of a research result to real-world patient care or treatment decisions
D) The relevance of a research result to real-world patient care or treatment decisions
What is the primary definition of a clinical trial?
A) A medical procedure performed in a controlled laboratory setting
B) A routine examination conducted during a standard medical check-up
C) A systematic investigation involving human participants to assess the safety and efficacy of a medical intervention
D) An observational study tracking the health outcomes of a population over an extended period
C) A systematic investigation involving human participants to assess the safety and efficacy of a medical intervention
What characterizes explanatory trials in research?
A) Primarily concerned with demonstrating the feasibility of a new intervention
B) Emphasis on real-world application and generalizability
C) Focus on understanding the underlying mechanisms and causality
D) In-depth exploration of the natural history of a medical condition
C) Focus on understanding the underlying mechanisms and causality
What does the term "personal significance" refer to in research?
A) The researcher's individual opinion on the research topic
B) The statistical significance of research findings
C) The cultural relevance of the study within a specific community
D) The practical or meaningful impact of the research results on an individual's life
D) The practical or meaningful impact of the research results on an individual's life
Which statement best describes a quasi-experimental design in research?
A) It is a study design that includes a control group and manipulation of an independent variable.
B) It focuses exclusively on observing and describing phenomena without any experimental manipulation.
C) It involves randomly assigning participants to different experimental groups.
D) It lacks random assignment of participants to groups but includes a treatment and control group.
D) It lacks random assignment of participants to groups but includes a treatment and control group.
What does the term "treatment efficacy" refer to?
A)The cost-effectiveness of a specific intervention in comparison to alternative treatments.
B) The ability of a treatment to produce the desired effect under controlled conditions.
C) The acceptance and satisfaction of participants with the study protocol.
D) The generalizability of research findings across diverse populations.
B) The ability of a treatment to produce the desired effect under controlled conditions.
What does the term "treatment efficiency" typically address?
A) The ethical considerations involved in the research design.
B) The overall cost-effectiveness of implementing a specific intervention.
C) The speed at which participants respond to a treatment.
D) The generalizability of study findings to different populations.
B) The overall cost-effectiveness of implementing a specific intervention.
What does the concept of "treatment fidelity" refer to in research?
A) The ethical considerations involved in the selection of participants for a study.
B) The degree to which a research study is free from bias and confounding variables.
C) The generalizability of study findings to diverse populations.
D) The consistency and accuracy of implementing a specific intervention as intended.
D) The consistency and accuracy of implementing a specific intervention as intended.
What is the primary focus of "treatment effectiveness" in research?
A) The statistical significance of research findings in relation to the null hypothesis.
B) The cost-effectiveness of implementing a treatment in comparison to alternative interventions.
C) The generalizability of study results to diverse populations.
D) The extent to which a specific intervention achieves the desired outcomes in real-world settings.
D) The extent to which a specific intervention achieves the desired outcomes in real-world settings.
Which of the following components is typically found in the "Materials" subsection of the Procedures section in a research paper?
A) Discussion of limitations, Informed Consent, and Data collection procedures
B) Literature review, Sampling procedure, and Hypotheses
C) Equipment or tools used in the study, Stimuli, and Surveys
D) Step-by-step instructions, Sampling rules, Statistical analyses
C) Equipment or tools used in the study, Stimuli, and Surveys
Hearing Threshold (in dB HL)
A) Interval
B) Nominal
C) Ratio
D) Ordinal
A) Interval
Speech Disorder Type
A) Interval
B) Nominal
C) Ratio
D) Ordinal
B) Nominal
Vocabulary Size
A) Interval
B) Nominal
C) Ratio
D) Ordinal
C) Ratio
Language development milestones
A) Interval
B) Nominal
C) Ratio
D) Ordinal
D) Ordinal
True or False: A nominal scale categorizes items into distinct groups or classes without any inherent order or ranking.
True
In the Methods section of a research paper, what does the term "Instrumentation" refer to?
A)The tools or equipment used for data collection
B) The ethical considerations
C) The literature review
D) The statistical tests used
A) The tools or equipment used for data collection.
Which of the following would be found in the "Procedure" subsection of the Methods section?
A) Discussion of limitations
B) Theoretical framework
C) Hypotheses
D) Step-by-step description of how the study was conducted.
D) Step-by-step description of how the study was conducted.
True or False: The ratio scale is characterized by equal intervals between consecutive points, but it lacks a true zero point.
False
Which is an example of a situational variable?
A) The time of day the experiment is conducted
B) The participant's level of education
C) The gender of the participants
D) The researchers prior experience with similar studies.
A) The time of day the experiment is conducted
True or False: The power of a study is the probability of detecting a true effect or relationship when it exists.
True
In a within-subject design, participants are exposed to:
A) Different experimental conditions
B) Only one level of the independent variable
C) Randomized control trials
D) No experimental manipulation
A) Different experimental conditions
True or False: Concurrent mixed methods involve collecting and analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously.
True
What type of validity assesses the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and times?
A) Internal Validity
B) External Validity
C) Construct Validity
D) Face validity
B) External Validity
True or False: Efficacy refers to the degree to which an intervention produces the desired outcomes under ideal and controlled conditions.
True
True or False: Ordinal scales measure intensity or magnitude of a variable but do not have a true zero point.
True
