all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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mental representations
contents in the mind that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs
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Turing test
A test proposed by Alan Turing in which a machine would be judged "intelligent" if the software could use conversation to fool a human into thinking it was talking with a person instead of a machine.
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Chinese Room Argument
An argument against the Turing test (and functionalism) that contends that computers are merely syntax-manipulating devices and have no grasp of semantics and the meaning of what they do.
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semantic network
represents knowledge in a hierarchal system of relationships between concepts and their properties expressed propositionally
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Shepard and Metzler
mental rotation
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Collins and Quillian
Concepts are coded in propositional form expressing relationships and properties
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learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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sensitisation
Temporary state of heightened attention and responsibility that accompanies sudden and surprising events.
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habituation
a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
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spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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watson and rayner
Little Albert experiment
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skinner box
A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.
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reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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positive reinfrocement
add something nice to increase a behavior
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negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.
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positive reinforcer
any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
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negative reinforcer
any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
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continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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partial reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time
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punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
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positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
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response cost
punishment by loss of reinforcers
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negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
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positive punisher
adding a stimulus to decrease behavior
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negative punisher
removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior
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contingency
relationship between the behaviour and the punisher which must be clear
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continuity
the punisher must follow the behaviour swiftly
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consistency
the punisher needs occur for every occurrence of the behaviour
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antecedent
a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another
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behaviour
Any observable action made by a living person
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consequence
the result of an action
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latent learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
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Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment
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social cognitive learning theory
learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
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memory
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
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Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
A model for describing memory in which there are three distinguishable kinds of memory (sensory, short term, long term) through which info passes in a sequential way as it is processed.
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sensory memory
A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
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short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
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attention
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
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overt attention
shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes
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covert attention
shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes stationary
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saccades
quick eye movements from one fixation point to another
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attentional capture
occurs when attention is attracted by the motion of an object or stimulus
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salience
the quality of being noticeable
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attentional capture
Occurs when stimulus salience causes an involuntary shift of attention.
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Binding problem
Problem with feature detection theory regarding how all of different aspects of feature detection are assembled together and related to a single object. This problem is solved by visual attention.
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Feature Integration Theory (FIT)
the theory that the brain solves the binding problem by selectively attending to one object and ignoring any others
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illusory conjunction
a perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined
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rostral/anterior
front of brain
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Caudal/posterior
back of brain
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dorsal/superior
top of brain
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ventral/inferior
bottom of brain
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lateral
side of brain
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medial
toward the midline
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corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
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contralateral connections
Right side of cortex is connected to the left side of the body and vice versa.
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Homotopic
connects corresponding regions of the two hemispheres
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Heterotopic
Communicates to different brain regions
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Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
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Callosotomy
Surgical disconnection of the corpus callosum
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Forebrain
cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
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Midbrain
Tectum and tegmentum
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Hindbrain
pons, medulla, cerebellum, oblongata
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Telencephalon - cerebral cortex
subdivision of the forebrain and consists of the limbic system, basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
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Axon
A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
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myelin sheath
a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next
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Axon terminal buttons
release chemicals during a synapse
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Action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
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Membrane potential
voltage across a membrane
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Polarised
Membrane with a potential difference across it.
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Hyperpolarised
The condition of a membrane that is more highly polarised than the usual resting state. The resting potential is lower than usual.
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Depolarised
Describes the membrane of a nerve cell when there is no difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the membrane
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refractory period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
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resting membrane potential
the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active
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hyperpolarized
when the membrane potential is more negative
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Rate Law of Action Potentials
firing rate of a neuron and number of neurons firing represent intensity of impulse
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all or none law
principle that the action potential in a neuron does not vary in strength; the neuron either fires at full strength or it does not fire at all
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Terminal button
axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles
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Synaptic cleft
a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal
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Pre synaptic neuron
The neuron that sends the impulse
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Post synaptic neuron
neuron that receives the signal
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Synaptic vesicles
saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals
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microtubles
long strands such a spindle fibers that move chromosomes
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Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
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Neurotransmitter reuptake
after neurotransmitter excites or inhibits a receptor it separates from the receptor, ending the message and is reabsorbed by the axon that released it
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excitatory neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to fire
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Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter
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inhibitory neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter that causes the receiving cell to stop firing
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GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter
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neural integration
the ability of your neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions