Acids, Bases, and Salts Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the definitions, indicators, chemical properties, and common substances associated with Acids, Bases, and Salts as presented in the lecture.

Acids

Substances that are sour in taste, change blue litmus to red, and produce hydrogen ions ($H^+$) or hydronium ions ($H_3O^+$) in the presence of water.

Bases

Substances that are bitter in taste, soapy to touch, change red litmus to blue, and produce hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) in the presence of water.

Litmus

A purple dye extracted from lichen, a plant belonging to the division Thallophyta, which is commonly used as an acid-base indicator.

Acid-base Indicators

Natural or synthetic materials, such as red cabbage leaves, turmeric, Hydrangea, Petunia, and Geranium, that indicate the presence of acid or base in a solution.

Olfactory Indicators

Substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media, such as onion, cloves, and vanilla extract.

Phenolphthalein

A synthetic indicator that is colourless in acidic solutions and turns pink in basic solutions.

Methyl Orange

A synthetic indicator that turns red in acidic solutions and yellow in basic solutions.

Neutralisation Reaction

A chemical reaction where an acid and a base react to form salt and water, expressed by the general equation: Acid + Base $\rightarrow$ Salt + Water.

Metal Oxides

Compounds that react with acids to form salt and water, demonstrating that they are basic in nature.

Non-metallic Oxides

Compounds that react with bases to form salt and water, demonstrating that they are acidic in nature.

Corrosive Nature

The property of mineral acids and strong bases (like $NaOH$) to cause severe burns and eat up materials like cloth, wood, metal structures, and stonework.

pH Scale

A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution; a pH of $7$ is neutral, less than $7$ is acidic, and more than $7$ is alkaline/basic.

Antacids

Bases such as milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide) and sodium hydrogen carbonate used to neutralize excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach during indigestion.

Acid Rain

Rain water that has a pH value of less than $5.6$.

Chlor-alkali process

The process of passing electricity through brine (aqueous solution of sodium chloride) to produce sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$), chlorine ($Cl_2$), and hydrogen ($H_2$).

Brine

An aqueous solution of sodium chloride ($NaCl$) used as a raw material in the chlor-alkali process.

Bleaching Powder

Calcium oxy chloride with the chemical formula $Ca(ClO)_2$, formed by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime ($Ca(OH)_2$).

Baking Soda

Sodium bicarbonate ($NaHCO_3$), prepared using $NaCl$, $H_2O$, $NH_3$, and $CO_2$, which produces carbon dioxide when heated.

Washing Soda

Sodium carbonate decahydrate ($Na_2CO_3 \times 10H_2O$), prepared by the recrystallisation of sodium carbonate.

Water of Crystallization

The fixed number of water molecules chemically attached to each formula unit of a salt, such as the $5$ molecules in $CuSO_4 \times 5H_2O$.

Plaster of Paris

Calcium sulphate hemihydrate ($CaSO_4 \times \frac{1}{2}H_2O$), which hardens into gypsum ($CaSO_4 \times 2H_2O$) when mixed with water.

Gypsum

A hard solid mass with the formula $CaSO_4 \times 2H_2O$ that forms when Plaster of Paris reacts with water.