AP US History (APUSH) Review

The study of how history is done, such as how different people perceive past events and how a source's point-of-view impacts its portrayal of the past.

Historiography

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

Maize

sophisticated cultural developed as a result of stable agriculture and trade; allows for priesthood, traders, farmers, etc

Social Diversification

a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.

Hunter-gatherer

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Columbian Exchange

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Caste system

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Feudalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Capitalism

the act of conquering or bringing under control; enslavement

Subjugation

independence and self-government

Autonomy

rice, wheat, corn, oats, sorghum, rye and millet (cash crops in the New England colonies)

Cereal crops

of the same kind

Homogenous

A pattern of exchange between Western Europe, Western Africa, North and South America, and the Caribbean. Made it easier to get goods from foreign places.

Atlantic World

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Slavery

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Encomienda system

farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced

Subsistence

The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

Irrigation

1680, Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century, expelled the Spanish for over 10 years, Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Pueblo Revolt

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

Animism

Money paid by one country to another in return for protection

Tribute

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Primogeniture

1096-1270, a series of holy wars undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Crusades

1517-1648, a religious movement that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Protestant Reformation

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3 G's: gold, God, and glory.

Conquistadores

the buying and selling of goods

Commerce

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Joint Stock Company

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Indentured Servant

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Puritans

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

Chattel Slavery

people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

Migrants

the colonial american desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture

Anglicization

stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation

Evangelicalism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Mercantilism

gradual intrusion on a person's territory, rights, etc.

Encroachment

1756-1763, known also as the French and Indian War, between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Seven Years War

A commercial exchange in the Atlantic that was dominated by the British due to remarkable growth in it's colonies. It is commonly referred to as the "triangle trade," designating a three-way transport between Europe, Africa, and the colonies. Moreover, it was inextricably linked to trade with the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Atlantic Economy

1675-1676, period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England, an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

1730-1755, religious revival in the colonies, George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

First Great Awakening

European intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

European Enlightenment

joint-stock company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England.

Virginia Company

1580-1631, helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

John Smith

1585-1622, one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

John Rolfe

parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Headright System

1676, Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Bacon's Rebellion

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legislative acts.

House of Burgesses

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa

Triangular Trade

1620, the first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Mayflower Compact

1588-1649, Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

John Winthrop

John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives.

"City on a Hill"

1603-1683, founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Roger Williams

1591-1643, Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Anne Hutchinson

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Lord Baltimore

1649 - Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

Maryland Act of Toleration

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Salem Witch Trials

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Jonathan Edwards

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Quakers

An English Quaker who founded Pennsylvania, which was based upon religious toleration. He also made friends with the Lenape Indians (in contrast to other colonies' wars).

William Penn's "Holy Experiment"

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Benjamin Franklin

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

Phillis Wheatley

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's. He was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press. He was found not guilty.

John Peter Zenger

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Albany Plan of Union

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

George Washington

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Proclamation of 1763

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Pontiac's Rebellion

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Guerrilla Warfare

skilled workers who make goods by hand

Artisans

a person doing unskilled manual work for wages

Laborers

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Loyalists

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Patriots

having title or possession by reason of birth

Hereditary

a system of government in which people make their own laws

Self-government

Pamphlet published in 1776 that persuaded American Colonists to support independence.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Declaration of Independence

groups of citizen soldiers

Militias

the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain (1775-1783)

American Revolution

having certain characteristics in common, such as age, race, or gender

Demographic

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Articles of Confederation

a law passed by Congress in 1787 that specified how western lands would be governed

Northwest Ordinance

Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota

Northwest Territories

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Constitutional Convention

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Federalism

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Separation of Powers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Federalist Papers

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Bill of Rights

Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty

Ratification

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

John Locke

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Salutary Neglect

A radical political organization formed by Samuel Adams after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest

Sons of Liberty

An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Sugar Act of 1764

required colonists to pay for an official stamp when buying paper items

Stamp Act of 1765

group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent

Stamp Act Congress

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Quartering Act of 1765

reasserted Britain's power over colonies, response to Boston Tea Party

Declaratory Act of 1766

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Boston Massacre

A free black man who was the first person killed in the Revolution at the Boston Massacre.

Crispus Attucks

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

Committees of Correspondence

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Boston Tea Party

The four Massachusetts acts by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party which closed Boston port, revoked right of trial by a jury of peers, imposed martial law, and forced colonists to quarter troops. Became key event leading towards the revolution.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) of 1774

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

Continental Congress