Gender & Society, Units 6–10

AmA University

Conflict

A situation where two or more parties perceive incompatible goals, interests, or values, leading to tension, disagreement, or violence.

Peace

A state of harmony, stability, and security where people coexist without fear of violence or oppression; more than just the absence of conflict.

4 types of conflict in the Philippine context

Political (e.g. Moro autonomy struggle), economic (resource competition), social (identity/religion-based), and environmental (resource/land disputes).

Human Rights Education Framework

A peace education approach based on the UN Declaration of Human Rights, emphasizing critical thinking, empathy, and civic engagement.

Critical Pedagogy Framework

A framework (rooted in Freire) that encourages learners to question dominant power structures and promotes conscientization and collective action.

Non-Violent Communication (NVC) Framework

A peace education approach focused on empathy, honest communication, and peaceful conflict resolution.

Conflict Analysis

Systematic examination of a conflict's stakeholders, dynamics, triggers, escalation, and impact to design effective peace interventions.

Mindanao Peacebuilding Institute (MPI)

A Philippine organization providing training and capacity-building for communities in conflict-affected areas, focused on trust-building and social cohesion.

Key peacebuilding strategies

Dialogue/negotiation, conflict resolution training, community-based initiatives, capacity building, and policy advocacy.

Best practices for peace education in conflict zones

Community-based approach, cultural sensitivity, participatory methods, and empowerment/capacity-building of local stakeholders.

Gender vs. Sex

Gender is the socially constructed roles and expectations tied to being male/female; sex is the biological/anatomical distinction.

Hegemonic Masculinity

The dominant, idealized form of masculinity in a society (e.g. strength, aggression, dominance) that is tied to power and social privilege.

Subaltern Masculinity

Non-hegemonic, marginalized forms of masculinity (e.g. gay, feminized, working-class) that don't conform to dominant ideals.

Machismo

A colonial-era concept (Spanish origin) emphasizing masculine strength, honor, and dominance; foundational to Filipino "macho" gender norms.

Toxic Masculinity (PH context)

Masculinity defined by aggression and dominance, linked to gender-based violence, gun culture, and normalization of violence in Philippine society.

Republic Act 9262

The Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act; a Philippine law recognizing the need to protect women/children from gender-based violence.

Peaceful/Feminist Masculinity

Alternative masculinity models emphasizing empathy, cooperation, and gender equality as a challenge to dominant toxic masculine norms.

Intersectionality (masculinity)

Recognizes that masculinity is shaped differently depending on overlapping factors like class, religion, ethnicity, and sexuality.

"Bodong" (Igorot)

A traditional Indigenous Philippine conflict resolution process where community elders facilitate collective dispute resolution.

Indigenous masculinities

Masculine roles in Indigenous PH communities (e.g. hunter/warrior in Ifugao) disrupted by colonialism and modernization, contributing to social tension.

Gender Mainstreaming

The systematic integration of gender perspectives into all stages of peacebuilding policy and programming.

Gender Analysis

A systematic examination of how gender roles, relations, and power dynamics shape experiences in conflict and peacebuilding contexts.

Gender-Sensitive Peacebuilding

An approach that identifies and addresses the different impacts of conflict on men, women, and marginalized groups.

Gendered impact of conflict

Women/girls face higher risk of sexual violence and displacement; men/boys are more often recruited as combatants or forced into conscription.

Steps in a gender analysis

Identify stakeholders, analyze context, examine gender roles/relations, identify inequalities, and develop recommendations.

Mindanao Peace Process (case study)

Gender-sensitive peacebuilding example; included a gender advisory group and women in decision-making in the peace agreement negotiations.

Cordillera Peace Process (case study)

Highlighted Indigenous women's participation via a women's caucus and provisions on ancestral land and self-determination rights.

Key evaluation principles for gender mainstreaming

Gender sensitivity, participation/inclusivity, objectivity, contextual understanding, and being result-oriented.

Common challenges evaluating gender mainstreaming

Lack of data/resources, methodological limitations, power dynamics/resistance, and contextual complexity.

Decolonizing peacebuilding (gender)

Centering Indigenous women's voices and agency, and applying principles like FPIC to challenge Western/patriarchal peacebuilding norms.

Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC)

A principle recognizing Indigenous peoples' right to self-determination and consent over decisions on their land, resources, and futures.

Decolonizing Leadership

Challenging and dismantling patriarchal and colonial structures that have historically excluded Indigenous women from leadership roles.

Indian Act (Canada)

Colonial-era legislation that enforced assimilation, banned Indigenous cultural practices, and stripped Indigenous women's status rights.

4 forms of power in Indigenous women's leadership

Institutional, structural, interpersonal, and cultural power — each shaping how Indigenous women are marginalized or empowered.

Native Women's Association of Canada (NWAC)

Organization founded via Maria Campbell's activism; advocates for Indigenous women's rights and challenges patriarchal/colonial structures.

Self-Determination and Autonomy

Indigenous peoples' right to govern themselves and make decisions about their own lives, free from external control — key to empowerment.

Winona LaDuke

Ojibwe environmental activist known for grassroots organizing against resource exploitation on Indigenous lands.

Dr. Cindy Blackstock

Gitxsan advocate known for data-driven advocacy exposing systemic inequality for Indigenous children in Canada's child welfare system.

Idle No More Movement (2012)

Indigenous-led movement advocating for rights, environmental protection, and social justice, showcasing Indigenous women's leadership.

Key strategies for sustainable Indigenous women's empowerment

Building community capacity, advocating for policy reform, and cultural/education revitalization.

Colonialism (definition)

The practice of acquiring and maintaining colonies through exploitation of native people, land, and resources by an outside power.

Impact of colonialism on education

Imposition of Western knowledge systems and languages, erasing Indigenous knowledge, languages, and cultural practices.

Decolonizing Knowledge Systems

Challenging dominant Western epistemologies (Eurocentric, rationalist) and centering Indigenous, local, and marginalized ways of knowing.

Western Epistemology

Knowledge systems rooted in Enlightenment values (rationalism, individualism, objectivity), often criticized as Eurocentric and exclusionary.

Ubuntu Philosophy

A Southern African worldview emphasizing interconnectedness and collective well-being, contrasting with Western individualism.

Key principles of Indigenous Epistemologies

Relationality, holism, storytelling, place-based knowledge, and decolonizing knowledge.

'Educación para la Paz' (Colombia)

A peace education program post-2016 peace process focused on conflict resolution, human rights, and cultural diversity in schools.

Adivasi Academy (India)

An initiative grounding education in Adivasi (Indigenous) culture, language, and knowledge systems to counter state-imposed narratives.

Intersectionality (peace education)

A framework recognizing that multiple forms of oppression (race, gender, class, etc.) intersect to shape unique experiences of marginalization.

Ahimsa

The principle of non-violence, central to many Indigenous/local traditions, used in peace education to promote non-violent conflict resolution.