Circulatory System in Animals

Flashcards based on lecture notes about the circulatory system in animals.

What is the function of the heart?

The heart is a muscle that pumps blood through blood vessels to the body. This blood caries nutrients and removes waste

What is the pericardium?

The double membrane that surrounds the heart.

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

Cardiac muscle

What are the upper two chambers of the heart called?

Atria

What are the bottom two chambers of the heart called?

Ventricles

What is the muscular wall dividing the left and right sides of the heart called?

Septum

What is the inner lining of the heart called?

Endocardium

What type of valves are between the atria and ventricles?

Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral)

What two veins transport deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

Superior and inferior vena cava

What arteries transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Pulmonary arteries

What veins transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Pulmonary veins

What is the heartbeat measured with

Stethoscope

What artery transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body?

Aorta

What is the function of heart valves?

Ensure blood flows in one direction and prevent backflow.

What are the two types of heart valves?

Cuspid valves and semi-lunar valves

What keeps cusps in place to prevent backflow?

Tendons (chordae tendineae)

Where are semilunar valves found?

Inside the aorta and pulmonary artery

What is the average heart rate?

70 beats/min

What is the duration of atrial systole?

0.1 second

What is the duration of ventricular systole?

0.3 seconds

What is the duration of general diastole?

0.4 seconds

What is the 'lub' sound caused by?

Cuspid valves closing

What is the 'dub' sound caused by?

Semi-lunar valves closing

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Specialized muscle cells known as the natural pacemaker, found in the wall of the right atrium.

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

Specialized muscle cells found in the septum between atria and ventricles that send electrical signals to make ventricles contract.

Name two types of nerves that control heart rate.

Sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve

What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) trace?

Electrical changes of the heart

Name the three types of blood vessels.

Arteries, capillaries, and veins

What is the function of arteries?

Carry blood away from the heart.

What is the function of veins?

Carry blood to the heart.

What is the function of capillaries?

Allow for gaseous exchange to happen, where oxygen and nutrients move into cells and carbon dioxide and waste products move into the blood.

What are the components of blood?

Plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes)

What is the pericardium?

The double membrane that surrounds the heart.

Where are semilunar valves found?

Inside the aorta and pulmonary artery

what do papillary muscles do?

Attach tendons to the wall of the heart

What is the structure of the semi lunar valves?

3 half moon shaped thin membrane like pockets

What is the name of the vein and artery for the head

Carotid artery and jugular vein

What is the name of the vein and artery for the small intestine

Mesenteric artery and hepatic portal vein

What is the name for the artery and vein to the liver

Hepatic artery and vein

Explain the blood flow in the heart

deoxygenated blood comes in from the superior vena cava into the right atrium. The blood moves through the tricuspid valves into the pulmonary valve through the pulmonary artery where it will go to the lungs to be oxygenated. The oxygenated blood comes back through the pulmonary veins in the left atrium through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricles out through the aortic valve into the aorta to be transported to the body

What happens during atrial systole

Atria contracts

Lasts 0.1 seconds

Blood is pushed into ventricles through the bi and tri valves.

Semi lunar valves close

What happens during ventricular systole

Lasts 0.3 seconds

Ventricles contract

The bi and tri valves shut due to pressure so the blood moves through the then open semi lunar valves through aorta and pulmonary arteries.

What happens during General diastole

Lasts 0.4 seconds

Heart relaxes

The semi lunar valves close to prevent backflow

The blood comes in once more through the vena cavas and pulmonary veins

Cuspid valves are open again

Which parts of the heart are deoxygenated and oxygenated and what separates these two?

Right side: deoxygenated

Left: oxygenated

Septum separates to prevent the mixing of the two.

Do arteries carry blood to or away from the heart?

AWAY from the heart

Do veins carry blood to or from the heart?

TO the heart

How are veins formed and what to arteries split into?

Veins are formed by venules and arteries split into arterioles

Why do capillaries have one cell thick wall

Gaseous exchange so that oxygen and nutrients can move into cells. Carbon dioxide and waste products move into blood.

What are the functions of plasma?

• transport medium for blood, salts,hormones,enzymes,proteins and gasses.

• Heat distribution throughout the body.

functions of red blood cell (erythrocytes)

• Transports oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin from lungs to cells

• transports carbon dioxide as carbaminohaemoglobin from feels to the lungs

Functions of leucocytes/white blood cell

Protect body against infection

Makes antibodies (lymphocytes)

Accumulate in areas of injury.

What and how is cardiovascular disease caused?

Disease of the heart/blood/blood vessels.

Caused by smoking, diet high in fat, stress, inadequate physical activity, excessive alcohol intake.

What is the name for having a high blood pressure

Hypertension

What is the name for having a low blood pressure

Hypotension

What is the functions of the lymphatic system

Prevents the accumulation of tissue fluid around cells by transporting it back to the circulatory system

Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes and antibodies which destroy disease causing organism

Lacteal in small intestine helps transport/absorb fat around the body

What are the main differences between the lymphatic system and the circulatory system

• Lymph system Carrie’s lymph circ system caries blood

• Lymphatic system moves through contraction of muscles circ system have the heart which pumps the blood

• Lymphatic system starts blindly and ends at circulatory system circ system is a closed system

What is elephantitis

A disease caused by a parasite in mosquitos that when inside you blocks the lymphatic system causing lymph to not pass through causes swelling .

Name some structural features of the lymphatic system?

• thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

• It has semi lunar valves

• Low pressure

• Lymph nodes by groin neck armpits

how is a stroke caused

loss of brain function caused by the restriction of blood supply to the brain

Symptoms of stoke?

• paralysis of limbs

• Inability to understand or form speech

• Loss of clear vision

Risks of stroke

Age

Smoking

high cholesterol

Diabetes

Hugh blood pressure

how does a heart attack occur?

There is not enough blood supply to the cardiac muscle in the heart leading to death of tissue.

When too much fat forms on the inside of blood vessels making it harder to blood to move (atherosclerosis)

blood can’t flow and forms a clot (coronary thrombosis)

What happens if you give the wrong blood type to the wrong recipient

The blood