Psych Definitions Quiz 2

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104 Terms

1

Audience design

Constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge.

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2

Common ground

Information that is shared by people who engage in a conversation.

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3

Linguistic intergroup bias

A tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions.

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4

Priming

A stimulus presented to a person reminds him or her about other ideas associated with the stimulus.

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5

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts.

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6

Situation model

A mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description.

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7

Social brain hypothesis

The hypothesis that the human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroups.

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8

Social networks

Networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travel.

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9

Theory of Mind

The human capacity to understand minds, a capacity that is made up of a collection of concepts and processes.

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10

Automatic empathy

A social perceiver unwittingly taking on the internal state of another person.

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11

False-belief test

An experimental procedure that assesses whether a perceiver recognizes that another person has a false belief.

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12

Folk explanations of behavior

People’s natural explanations for why somebody did something or felt something.

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13

Intention

An agent’s mental state of committing to perform an action believed to bring about a desired outcome.

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14

Intentionality

The quality of an agent’s performing a behavior intentionally.

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15

Joint attention

Two people attending to the same object and being aware that they both are attending to it.

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16

Mirror neurons

Neurons that fire both when an action is performed and perceived.

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17

Projection

A social perceiver’s assumption that the other person shares their wants, knowledge, or feelings.

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18

Simulation

The process of representing another person’s mental state.

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19

Synchrony

Two people displaying the same behaviors or having the same internal states.

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20

Visual perspective taking

Perceiving something from another person’s spatial vantage point.

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21

Basic-level category

The neutral, preferred category for a given object.

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22

Concept

The mental representation of a category.

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23

Exemplar

An example in memory that represents a particular category.

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24

Psychological essentialism

The belief that members of a category have an unseen property that defines them.

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25

Typicality

The difference in “goodness” of category members.

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26

Concrete operations stage

Piagetian stage between ages 7 and 12 when children think logically about concrete situations.

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27

Conservation problems

Problems involving transformation of objects that change a perceptually salient dimension but not quantity.

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28

Formal operations stage

Piagetian stage starting at age 12, where adolescents gain reasoning powers of educated adults.

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29

Object permanence task

Piagetian task assessing infants' understanding of object existence beyond sight.

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30

Phonemic awareness

Awareness of the sound components within words.

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31

Preoperational reasoning stage

Stage from age 2 to 7 where children can represent objects but not solve logical reasoning problems.

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32

Qualitative changes

Large, fundamental changes in development.

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33

Quantitative changes

Gradual, incremental changes in development.

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34

Sociocultural theories

Theories emphasizing the influence of social relationships on children’s development.

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35

Endophenotypes

Genetic characteristics that reflect a liability for disease.

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36

Event-related potentials (ERP)

Measures neuronal activity in response to specific types of information.

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37

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Technique measuring oxygen levels in the brain related to neural activity.

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38

Social brain

Neuroanatomical structures that allow understanding actions and intentions of others.

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39

Authoritative parenting

A parenting style characterized by high expectations and good communication.

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40

Effortful control

A temperament quality aiding in self-regulation.

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41

Family Stress Model

Describes negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment.

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42

Gender schemas

Organized beliefs and expectations about gender.

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43

Goodness of fit

Match between child’s temperament and parental care that influences development.

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44

Security of attachment

An infant’s confidence in caregiver's sensitivity and responsiveness.

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45

Social referencing

Consulting emotional expressions of others to evaluate responses to uncertain situations.

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46

Temperament

Early differences in reactivity and self-regulation affecting personality.

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47

Cultural display rules

Learned rules managing emotional expressions according to social circumstances.

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48

Interpersonal functions of emotion

Effects of one's emotions on relationships.

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49

Intrapersonal functions of emotion

Effects of emotion within oneself.

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50

Social and cultural functions of emotion

Effects of emotions on societal and cultural operations.

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51

Attachment behavioral system

Motivational system evolved to maintain proximity to primary attachment figure.

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52

Attachment behaviors

Behaviors attracting a primary attachment figure's attention.

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53

Attachment figure

Primary safe haven and secure base for an individual.

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54

Attachment patterns

Individual differences in secure vs. insecure attachment.

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55

Strange situation

Task involving separating and reuniting infants with caregivers to study attachment.

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56

Deviant peer contagion

Spread of problem behaviors among adolescents.

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57

Differential susceptibility

Genetic responsiveness to environmental experiences.

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58

Foreclosure

Committing to an identity without exploring options.

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59

Homophily

Tendency for adolescents to associate with similar peers.

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60

Identity achievement

Explored options and made commitments regarding identity.

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61

Identity diffusion

Neither exploring nor committing to roles or ideologies.

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62

Moratorium

Actively exploring options without identity commitments.

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63

Psychological control

Intrusion into adolescents' emotional and cognitive worlds by parents.

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64

Emerging adulthood

Life stage from ages 18 to 25 characterized by identity exploration.

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65

Individualism

Belief system valuing freedom and independence.

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66

Age identity

How old people feel compared to their chronological age.

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67

Autobiographical narratives

Research method for understanding individual life themes.

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68

Convoy Model of Social Relations

Theory on how social exchanges change with age.

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69

Cross-sectional studies

Research method comparing age group differences.

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70

Crystallized intelligence

Intellectual ability relying on knowledge and experience.

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71

Fluid intelligence

Intelligence involving logical reasoning and problem-solving.

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72

Global subjective well-being

Individuals' perceptions and satisfaction with their lives.

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73

Hedonic well-being

Emotional experiences including positive and negative affect.

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74

Inhibitory functioning

Ability to suppress attention to less relevant information.

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75

Intra- and inter-individual differences

Differences in development observed within or between individuals.

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76

Life course theories

Theories emphasizing social expectations and events affecting development.

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77

Life span theories

Theories focusing on differences in developmental trajectories.

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78

Longitudinal studies

Research method tracking changes over multiple time points.

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79

Psychometric approach

Examines performance on tests of intellectual functioning.

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80

Self-perceptions of aging

Individual views on their aging process.

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81

Social network

Network of people closely connected providing support.

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82

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

Theory explaining reduction of social partners in older adulthood.

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83

Successful aging

Avoiding disease and maintaining high levels of functioning.

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84

Working memory

System for simultaneously storing and manipulating information.

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85

G

General factor common to cognitive ability measures.

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86

IQ

Score obtained from intelligence measures compared to others.

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87

Norm

Range of scores determined from representative sample assessments.

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88

Standardize

Giving assessments in the same manner to all.

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89

Stereotype threat

Concern about conforming to a stereotype affecting performance.

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90

Satisfaction

Correspondence between individual needs and environmental rewards.

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91

Satisfactoriness

Correspondence between individual abilities and environmental requirements.

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92

Specific abilities

Cognitive abilities with significant components of general intelligence.

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93

Under-determined causal models

Psychological frameworks neglecting critical determinants.

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94

Anchoring

Bias influenced by an initial arbitrary anchor.

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95

Bounded awareness

Failing to notice obvious information.

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96

Bounded ethicality

Systematic limitations in ethics without awareness.

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97

Bounded rationality

Model suggesting decisions are limited by cognitive capacities.

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98

Bounded self-interest

Predictable ways individuals consider others' outcomes.

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99

Bounded willpower

Greater weight placed on present concerns over future.

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100

Framing

Bias affected by how information is presented.

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