Biol 1104k Exam 2

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/172

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

173 Terms

1
New cards

Germ Layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

2
New cards

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

3
New cards

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

4
New cards

Endoderm

innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

5
New cards

Asymmetry

lack of symmetry; cannot be split into equal parts

6
New cards

Radial Symmetry

Symmetry about a central axis.

7
New cards

Bilateral Symmetry

Body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves.

8
New cards

Coelomate

true body cavity

9
New cards

Acoelomate

No body cavity

10
New cards

Pseudocoelomate

false body cavity

11
New cards

Diploblastic

Having two germ layers.

12
New cards

Triploblastic

3 germ layers

13
New cards

Cephalization

Concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the anterior end of an animal; having a head and brain

14
New cards

What are the simplest animals?

Porifera (sponges)

15
New cards

Cnidocytes

Special stinging structures on cnidarians that look like small harpoons; used to catch prey

16
New cards

Polyp body form

Cylindar shape with rising tentacles

17
New cards

Medusa body form

umbrella-shaped and free-living

18
New cards

Protostomes

blastopore becomes mouth (mouth first)

19
New cards

Bilateral animals are placed into one of two categories:

Protostomes and Dueterostomes

20
New cards

Duetorostomes

blastopore becomes anus (mouth last)

21
New cards

Radially symmetric animals tend to have how many germ layers?

2 (diploblastic: endoderm and ectoderm)

22
New cards

Bilaterally symmetrical animals tend to have how many germ layers?

3 (triploblastic: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)

23
New cards

Open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

24
New cards

Closed circulatory system

A system in which blood is contained within a network of blood vessels.

25
New cards

incomplete digestive system

A single opening to a pouch-like cavity serves as both mouth and anus

26
New cards

Complete digestive system

Animal has mouth and anus; food travels one way

27
New cards

Animals without circulatory systems rely on what?

Diffusion

28
New cards

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

29
New cards

Phylum Porifera

Sponges

30
New cards

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms, flukes, tapeworms

31
New cards

Phylum Cnidaria

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

32
New cards

Phylum Nematoda

roundworms

33
New cards

Phylum Annelida

segmented worms, earthworms, leeches

34
New cards

Phylum Mollusca

mollusks

35
New cards

Phylum Mollusca, Gastropoda

snails and slugs

36
New cards

Phylum Mollusca, Bivalvia

clams and oysters

37
New cards

Phylum Mollusca, Cephalopoda

squid, octopus

38
New cards

Phylum Arthropoda

Insects (arthropods)

39
New cards

Phylum Arthropoda characteristics

Jointed appendages, segmented, exoskeleton, cephalization, open circulatory system

40
New cards

Mantle

Secretes minerals that form the shell; "outer layer"

41
New cards

Gills

Organs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with water

42
New cards

Radula

Tongue-shaped structure used for feeding by snails and slugs

43
New cards

What is the most diverse animal group?

Arthropods

44
New cards

Parts of a segmented body:

Head, thorax, and abdomen

45
New cards

What are the two deuterostome phyla?

Echinodermata and Chordata

46
New cards

Phylum Echinodermata

starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers

47
New cards

Phylum Chordata

Vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

48
New cards

Key characteristics of chordates:

  1. Notochord

49
New cards
  1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

50
New cards
  1. Pharyngeal slits or clefts

51
New cards
  1. Muscular, post-anal tail

52
New cards

What replaces the notochord during development?

Vertebrate

53
New cards

Fins are predecessors to what?

Limbs

54
New cards

Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays)

55
New cards

Swim bladder

a gas-filled sac present in the body of many bony fishes, used to maintain and control buoyancy.

56
New cards

Swim bladders in fish are closely related to which organ in mammals?

The lungs

57
New cards

Adaptations of terrestrial vertebrate:

Respiration, gravity, water loss

58
New cards

Class Amphibia

frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians

59
New cards

Class Amphibia characteristics

legs, lungs, cutaneous respiration, pulmonary veins, partially divided heart, ectotherms

60
New cards

Which class of animals developed limbs first?

Amphibians

61
New cards

Dual Life

A reference to the metamorphosis that many frogs and salamanders undergo and the unique mix of aquatic and terrestrial phases that are required in their life cycle.

62
New cards

Class Reptilia

turtles, snakes, lizards

63
New cards

Class Reptilia Characteristics

-Tough dry scaly skin

64
New cards

-Internal fertilization

65
New cards

-3 chambered heart in most

66
New cards

-4 chambered heart in some

67
New cards

-Lungs well developed

68
New cards

-Limbs well developed

69
New cards

-Shelled egg

70
New cards

Which group of animals were the first to be independent of water?

Reptiles

71
New cards

Class Aves

Birds

72
New cards

Birds are closely related to:

Theropod dinosaurs (reptiles)

73
New cards

Which group of animals were the first to be endothermic?

Birds

74
New cards

Class Mammalia

mammals

75
New cards

Class Mammalia characteristics

fur/hair

76
New cards

mammary glands

77
New cards

live births (mostly)

78
New cards

types of teeth

79
New cards

4-chambered heart

80
New cards

Placentals

Embryos completely develop inside the female's uterus; long time in uterus

81
New cards

Marsupials

Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch; short time in uterus

82
New cards

Monotremes

Egg laying mammals

83
New cards

Cetaceans

whales, dolphins, porpoises (water mammals)

84
New cards

Circulatory system

A system of pumps and vessels that transport nutrients, dissolved gases, waste, nutrients, and hormones.

85
New cards

Respiration

The process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain.

86
New cards

Transport medium of the circulatory system:

blood

87
New cards

Plasma

Liquid part of blood (55-60% volume)

88
New cards

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

89
New cards

Luekocytes

white blood cells (fight infection)

90
New cards

karyocyte

Cells that form platelets

91
New cards

Platelets

Cells responsible for blood clotting

92
New cards

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

93
New cards

How many molecules are bound by hemoglobin?

4

94
New cards

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

95
New cards

synthetic erythropoietin

often used to boost RBC production in patients with suppressed erythropoietic activity

96
New cards

Average life span of red blood cells:

4-6 months

97
New cards

hemolymph

In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.

98
New cards

Primary benefits of closed circulatory systems:

Higher flow rates and better control of blood flow

99
New cards

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

100
New cards

Veins

carry blood to the heart