Research Final Quiz Questions

Deductive reasoning is primarily used to do which of the following?

Uncover or reveal underlying multiple rules or patterns of behavior.

Describe, test, or predict the application of theory to a specific phenomenon.

Generate theory.

Deductive reasoning is unrelated to theory.

Describe, test, or predict the application of theory to a specific phenomenon.

Inductive reasoning is used primarily to do which of the following?

Generate theory

Test theory

Predict the application of theory to a specific phenomenon

Experimental-type researchers primarily use inductive logic.

Generate theory

Which of the following lists the four criteria of research?

Logical, useful, understandable, confirmable

Logical, predictive, understandable, trial and error

Systematic, confirmable, observable, useful

Logical, useful, understandable, observable

Logical, useful, understandable, confirmable

Experimental-type research is the basis for evidence-based practice.

True

False

True

Research ethics primarily applies to

The proper choice of statistics to answer your research question

Internal validity

External validity

Protection of human subjects

Protection of human subjects

Full disclosure refers to:

Telling your subjects about who else is participating in your study

Sharing the parts of the research process relevant to human subjects

Providing investigators personal data to informants

Sharing the parts of the research process relevant to human subjects

Institutional Review Boards:

oversee the ethical treatment of human subjects

review the budget on your grant proposals

evaluate your teaching skills

help analyze your research data

oversee the ethical treatment of human subjects

Which area is addressed by the IRB

Number of people who will be involved in your study

Methods to recruit participants

Procedures to ensure confidentiality of informants

All of above

All of above

When answering a survey, respondents can be forced to complete all questions

True

False

False

An exempt review means that you do not need to have the IRB involved in your research

True

False

False

What is important to consider in framing a research problem?

Personal interest

Identified gap in knowledge

Epistemology

Resources

All are correct

All are correct

Which of the following is a research question for experimental-type research?

"How do individuals with spinal cord injuries perceive their participation in daily activities after transitioning from inpatient rehabilitation to home?"

"What is the effect of a six-week task-specific training program on upper limb function in post-stroke patients compared to standard occupational therapy?"

"What is the effect of a six-week task-specific training program on upper limb function in post-stroke patients compared to standard occupational therapy?"

Which of the following is a research question for naturalistic research?

How do teachers perceive the role of occupational therapists in supporting students with learning disabilities in the classroom?

How does the length of using digital device relate to attention space in pre-school children?

How do teachers perceive the role of occupational therapists in supporting students with learning disabilities in the classroom?

A research question in experimental-type research has which of the following characteristics?

It is posed a priori or before entering the field.

It can be changed midstream in the study.

It broadly reflects multiple problem statements.

It may be both descriptive and predictive.

It is posed a priori or before entering the field.

Which of the following is not one of the three levels of questions in experimental-type research?

 

Descriptive

 

Predictive or test knowledge

 

Exploration of relationships

 

Classic ethnography

Classic ethnography

A Level 1 experimental question may have which of the following characteristics?

Two variables are hypothesized as having a particular relationship.

It examines one variable in a predefined population.

It is a predictive statement.

It asks why a particular phenomenon occurs.

It examines one variable in a predefined population.

A research query in naturalistic inquiry may have which of the following characteristics?

It suggests causality between a set of variables.

It is a broad statement that identifies both a particular phenomenon and a context for a study.

It cannot be changed once the investigator enters the field.

It asks if a sample represents the population from which it was selected.

It is a broad statement that identifies both a particular phenomenon and a context for a study.

Which type of research query in naturalistic inquiry is used primarily to generate theory?

Grounded method

Heuristic

Phenomenology

Integrative approach

Grounded method

Phenomenological research queries focus on how individuals define their experiences.

True

False

True

Which of the following is(are) a purpose(s) of experimental-type designs?

Control variances

Reveal complexity

Develop new theory

Restrict extraneous influences on the study

Assert the cause of the outcomes under study

Reveal an objective reality

A, D, E, and F

A, B, D, and F

A, D, E, and F

A variable is defined as ____________.

A concept or construct to which numerical values are assigned

A phenomenon that is difficult to define

An independently occurring phenomenon

Correct answer

A concept or construct to which numerical values are assigned

Which of the following is true in a positive relationship between two variables?

 

Both variables like one another.

 

As one increases in value, the other decreases.

 

Both variables increase or decrease together.

 

The variables are unrelated.

Both variables increase or decrease together.

Which of the following is a not a type of validity?

 

Internal

 

External

 

Statistical conclusion

 

Construct

 

Context

Context

Which is not a characteristic of naturalistic inquiry?

 

Flexibility

 

Complexity

 

Experimenter control

 

Pluralism

Experimenter control

Which of the following elements is not a characteristic of the true-experimental design?

 

Manipulation

 

Control

 

Bias

 

Randomization

Bias

Randomization at the group assignment level refers to _______________.

Purposeful assignment of persons to specific groups

Group assignment of persons by a method based on chance

Theoretical sampling to obtain a given sample

Assigning persons to one of three groups based on their characteristics

Group assignment of persons by a method based on chance

Manipulation in the true-experimental type design refers to the process of ________.

Providing or withholding an independent variable in both the experimental and the control group

Manipulating study participants into believing they are receiving a particular treatment

Withholding information from study participants

Controlling for bias

Providing or withholding an independent variable in both the experimental and the control group

Which of the following is a limitation of the posttest-only experimental design?

Randomization may not have resulted in equivalence between experimental and control group conditions.

It minimizes the threat of responding to the posttest because of learning from a pretest.

Participants may become confused as to what the study is about.

Only one posttest is permissible.

Randomization may not have resulted in equivalence between experimental and control group conditions.

Which of the following is a primary characteristic that differentiates the true-experimental from the quasi-experimental design?

Randomization

Some type of control group

Bias

Validity

All are correct

Randomization

Which of the following is a primary use of pre-experimental designs?

Examine causal relationships

Describe the effect of the independent variable on the outcome

Minimize the threats to external validity

Provide important comparisons between multiple experimental groups

Describe the effect of the independent variable on the outcome

The value of a nonexperimental design includes all the following except which one?

 

Examine naturally occurring phenomenon

 

Examine relationships between variables of interest

 

Include a large number of subjects to examine events

 

Derive causal understandings of a phenomenon

Derive causal understandings of a phenomenon

Adding a control group to a pre-post test without randomization of group assignment:

Will allow the researcher to answer a level 3 question

Eliminates sampling bias

Allows the comparison of outcomes in two groups

Will allow the researcher to answer a level 3 question and eliminates sampling bias

Allows the comparison of outcomes in two groups

A randomized controlled trial is the best design to use for any type of research.

True

False

False

Survey designs can be used to make predictions about health outcomes in a population.

True

False

True

A purpose of stratified random sampling is to increase the likelihood that the sample represents the population from which is selected.

True

False

True

Setting boundaries in a study refers to the action processes of _____________.

Deciding when to interview

Establishing selection criteria for study participation

Delimiting the context or field in which the study will unfold

All are correct

All are correct

Which of the following is a criterion that guides the action process of establishing boundaries?

Confidentiality

Vulnerability

Adequacy

Assent

All are correct

All are correct

Units of study can refer to

Research participants

Weight measures

Analytic procedures

Number of references in your literature review

Research participants

In setting boundaries in a naturalistic study, a researcher must clearly articulate the boundaries that are set both before and throughout the conduct of a study.

True

False

False

Setting boundaries affects both the internal and external validity of an experimental-type study.

True

False

True

Setting boundaries is an action process that is specific to experimental-type research.

True

False

False

External validity refers to an operational definition.

True

False

False

A study which has a sample of convenience can be generalized to the larger population that it represents

True

False

False

The main point of boundary setting in experimental-type research is to ___________.

Put limits on the amount of money that needs to be spent for recruitment

Let people know why they cannot participate in your study

Select a group of subjects representative of the target population

Inductively decide what subject characteristics should be included

Select a group of subjects representative of the target population

Which of the following steps is not included in sampling?

 

Select units of analysis for a study.

 

Determine sample size.

 

Define population by specifying criteria.

 

Exclude individuals who may bias the study.

Exclude individuals who may bias the study.

Which of the following is not a type of probability sampling?

 

Simple

 

Snowball

 

Systematic

 

Stratified

 

Cluster

Snowball

Nonprobability sampling is used when __________.

Parameters of a population are not known

A sampling frame is available

Subjects can be randomly selected from the target population

A sampling frame is possible

Parameters of a population are not known

Target populations:

Can include units with exclusion criteria

Must be available for selection

Must be randomly selected

Must be available for selection

The following is an example of probability sampling

Snowball sampling

Selecting confirming cases

Stratified random sampling

Selecting the whole population

Stratified random sampling

Sampling is a process by which the investigator attempts to select a subgroup that represents a larger population.

True

False

True

Quota sampling is a non-probability method

True

False

True

A primary purpose of collecting information is to ___________.

Make sure the sample is representative

Obtain information to answer a research question or query

Apply one technique to ensure validity

Maximize control

Obtain information to answer a research question or query

Which of the following is a factor that influences the choice of a collection strategy?

Philosophical framework

Research problem

Design type

Practical limitations

All of above

All of above

Which of the following is a major strength of open-ended questioning?

It allows for exploration of more sensitive types of issues.

The researcher can compare same responses across different subjects.

It does not take extensive time collect and analyze information

It allows for exploration of more sensitive types of issues.

Unobtrusive methods for collecting information refer to __________.

Use of mail questionnaires

Asking people to respond to both open-ended and closed-ended questions

Use of both observation and examination of documents or objects in a particular environment

Use of mail questionnaires and Use of both observation and examination of documents or objects in a particular environment

Use of both observation and examination of documents or objects in a particular environment

A survey is an example of:

looking

asking

watching

asking

Experimental-type research is ____ in its sequencing of the 10 essentials.

Hierarchical

Cyclical

Nonlinear

Variable

Hierarchical

Experimental-type research is based on the unifying philosophical foundation of which of the following?

Humanism

Logical positivism

Phenomenology

Systems theory

Logical positivism

In research, design refers to:

decoration

how to obtain consent

action processes to carry out a study

reporting your conclusions

action processes to carry out a study

Naturalistic data analysis relies on statistical computation.

True

False

False

An occupational therapist in an inpatient rehabilitation setting is interested in learning about clients' experiences in group therapy. The therapist is working with an OTD student to conduct an interview study. Here are their eligibility criteria for clients they will invite to their interview study:

1) Patients admitted to the therapist's worksite in the next three months after the Instutional Review Board approval

2) Must have completed at least two sessions of group therapy

2) No severe cognitive impairment, indicated by the MoCA score > or = 22

The criteria reflect the essentials of research?

Set study boundaries

Obtain information

Frame a research problem

Determine supporting knowledge

Set study boundaries

Which of the following is not a main reason for reviewing literature?

 

To determine previous research on topic

 

To determine relationship between current knowledge and identified problem

 

To provide rationale for a design

 

To provide an exhaustive overview

 

All are correct

To provide an exhaustive overview

It is important to read the research literature critically in order to do which of the following?

Understand the level of knowledge of a particular problem area.

Identify gaps in knowledge development.

Determine the next logical research step.

Identify potential measures for a particular study.

All are correct

All are correct

An important step in reviewing research literature is to ___________.

Set boundaries as to what is searched

Only examine studies published within the past 3 to 5 years

Choose only one keyword for a search

Read everything ever written about a topic area

Set boundaries as to what is searched

The following is an important consideration in conducting a literature review

level of knowledge presented by each source

method for generating knowledge

examining the boundaries of each study

all of above

all of above

In naturalistic inquiry, literature may be reviewed at different points in the research process.

True

False

True

If you measure a demographic characteristic in your study, you should have justification for doing to in the literature.

True

False

True

The purpose/s of descriptive statistics is/are to ________.

Make predictions

Identify central tendencies of the study sample

Identify associations between variables

Describe a distribution of values

Identify central tendencies of the study sample and Describe a distribution of values

Identify central tendencies of the study sample and Describe a distribution of values

Data reduction is the primary purpose of which level of statistical analysis?

Inferential

Associational

Multiple regression

Descriptive

Descriptive

Mode, median, and mean are examples of which type of statistics?

Inferential

Discriminant analyses

Measures of central tendency

Path analyses

Measures of central tendency

Which of the following are not measures of variability?

 

Range, standard deviation, sum of squares

 

Interquartile range, variance, frequency distribution

 

Mean, median, mode

 

Sum of squares, frequency distribution, range

Mean, median, mode

Which of the following is a basic statistical approach for evaluating relationships?

Median

Sum of squares

Contingency tables

Interquartile range

Contingency tables

The steps used in inferential statistics include all the following except which one?

 

Obtaining a critical value

 

Stating the hypothesis

 

Accepting/rejecting null hypothesis

 

Conducting a correlational analysis

Conducting a correlational analysis

Multiple regression analysis is an example of a statistical action process that can be used to do which of the following?

Predict the effect of several independent variables on one dependent variable.

Discriminate between two different types of outcomes.

Describe a population parameter.

Identify the mean value of a sample.

Predict the effect of several independent variables on one dependent variable.

The main purpose of inferential statistics is to evaluate the extent to which specified observations of a sample are representative of the target population.

True

False

True

Which of the following is not a reason to engage in sharing before a study?

To seek feedback on your methodology

To seek funding to conduct your research

To seek IRB approval

To anticipate the results of your analysis

To anticipate the results of your analysis

Grants.gov

is a repository of federal funding opportunities

is a website that lists public welfare rules

Is a banking website for the government

is a list of recently passed legislation

is a repository of federal funding opportunities

The following is not part of a research proposal

budget

your aims or goals

why your research is important

your research questions/queries

Your home address

Your home address

The federal government does not disseminate funding opportunities on the internet

True

False

False

In a research proposal, you typically include a plan of where you will share your research

True

False

True

What is evidence-based practice?

A research design

A practice model

A set of research guidelines

A new naturalistic method

A practice model

Randomized controlled trial (RCT) __________.

Relies on true-experimental design

Can be done easily within the field

Is not well respected in evidence-based practice

Focuses exclusively on the efficacy of drug therapy

Relies on true-experimental design

Treatment fidelity is defined as __________.

Attaining the desired outcome of an intervention

Integrity of implementing the intervention

Clarity of sound in giving research instructions to subjects

None are correct

Integrity of implementing the intervention

Which of the following is not a characteristic of evaluation/examined practice?

 

Problem definition

 

Need identification

 

Objectivity

 

Outcome assessment

Objectivity

There is one accepted model of evidence-based practice.

True

False

False

In the model developed by Sackett, RCT was the preferred methodology to generate best evidence

True

False

True

Which of the following is a primary purpose of action research?

1) To generate knowledge through physical activity

2) To generate knowledge to inform responsive action 3) To provide a forum for group activity

4) To use naturalistic strategies to develop theory

2) To generate knowledge to inform responsive action

Which of the following is not a naturalistic design approach?

1) Participatory action research

2) Nonexperimental design

3) Designs relying on critical theory

4) Phenomenological research

2) Nonexperimental design

Which of the following is not a characteristic of ethnography?

1) Is naturalistic

2) Examines cultures

3) Measures behavior

4) Reveals meaning

3) Measures behavior

Which of the following is not a characteristic of narrative inquiry?

1) Is deductive

2) Is a spoken, written, or visual story

3) Can be presented in various discursive formats

4) Is an interpretive approach to inquiry

1) Is deductive

Daniel is interested in studying the experiences of aging farmers. Since he as part of that group himself, he decides to add his own experience to his data. He is conducting:

- A mistake

- Meta-analysis

- Non-experimental research

- Heuristic research

- Heuristic research

A study to discover the culture of the Paralympics swim team would use ______.

- Ethnography

- Measurement of swimming speed

- Phenomenology

- Grounded theory

- Ethnography

Which of the following is not a boundary-setting strategy in naturalistic inquiry?

1) random sampling

2) Restricting the study to a geographic area

3) limiting the study to a specific construct

4) limiting a study to identified personal experiences

1) random sampling

How do naturalistic researchers select the number of study participants?

1) Through power analysis

2) Based on the purpose of the inquiry

3) before the initiation of the study

4) In order to increase representativeness

2) Based on the purpose of the inquiry

Images in naturalistic inquiry are:

- not used in methodology

- limited to graphs

- visual representations of meaning

- visual representations of meaning

T/F: In naturalistic inquiry, the plan for setting boundaries cannot be changed after the study begins.

False

T/F: Naturalistic researchers often obtain their informants haphazardly.

False

T/F Entering a study through a delimited group is a boundary setting technique in naturalistic inquiry - True

True

T/F In naturalistic inquiry, boundaries can be changed throughout the study.

True

Which of the following participant recruitment strategies aims to maximize variation?

- Snowball sampling

- Extreme or deviant case

- Purposive sampling

- Convenience sampling

- Extreme or deviant case

○ This is the correct answer, but the purposive sampling may be correct if aiming to increase variation.T his question is not graded.