ZOOLOGY EXAM 3 (USE THIS)

Nematomorpha

juveniles are parasites of arthropods

• only longitudinal muscle, moves by whipping side to side

Priapulida

“penis worms”

• respiration through caudal appendages

Kinorhyncha

has spiny introvert it can pop in & out

Tartigrada

“water bears”

• deposit eggs in their molted cuticle

Onychophora

“velvet worms”

• annelid-like segmentation, but arthropod-like respiratory system

Ecdysozoa

organisms that have;

• an exoskeleton made of chitin which periodically molts to allow growth

  • controlled by the steroid hormone ecdysone

Two steps of shedding Exoskeleton that are essential

1. Separation of the old cuticle from the underlying epidermis to make space for new cuticle to form

2. Form new cuticle underneath, which scleritises (hardens), must be proportional to old cuticle

Nematoda

Hypodermis makes 4 hypodermal cords;

• cords contain nephridia (excretion)

• nerves go from muscle to nerve cord (instead of from nerve cord to muscle)

  • only have longitudinal muscles, limited to whipping side to side movement

Mayflies

(Ephemeroptera) - fishermen know more about these than entomologists

• adults don’t feed and live for only a few days—but can emerge in large numbers

Springtails

(Collembola) - has fork at the end of their abdomen, used to launch away (disappear instantly)

• most abundant in leaf litter and grass bases; eat detritus

Moths/butterflies

(Lepidoptera) - all adults have scaly, patterned wings

• complete metamorphosis

Dragonflies

(Odanta) - major aerial predators of other insects

• nymphs are aquatic—when mature, they crawl out of water & molt to adults

True bugs

(Hemiptera) - all members (adult & young) of this order have a suctorial beak

• serious pests of crops & a few carry human diseases

Flies

(Diptera) - adults only have one pair of wings

• have halters—club shaped organ that function as flight gyroscopes (balance)

Beetles

(Coleoptera) - adults have hardened forewings (elytra)

• undergo complete metamorphosis (Larva → pupa → adult)

Grasshoppers

(Orthoptera) - most members of this order sing to attract a mate

• straight winged, major pests of crops

Chordata

originated in the Cambrian era—

5 key features are;

• Notochord

• neural tube

• pharyngeal gill slits

• endostyle

• Post-anal tail

Notochord

extends the length of the body & provides support. Kept as an adult and extends into head.

neural tube

located above the notochord, functions similarly to the spinal cord in humans

Pharyngeal gill slits

openings in the pharynx that function in filter feeding & respiration

Endostyle

ciliated, mucus secreting structure in the pharynx that aids in filter feeding by trapping food particles

Post-anal tail

muscular extension of body that aids in movement & swimming

Sedentary

Hermaphroditism is correlated with what kind of lifestyle?

Echinoderms & Urochordata

What are 2 groups of organisms within the deuterostomes that show hermaphroditism?

Ticks, Fleas, Parasitic lice

Name 3 orders of arthropods whose members transmit major human diseases;

Hymenoptera & Blattodea

Members of these 2 insect orders are very dominant groups, especially in the tropics because of their social organization;

Lepidoptera (moths)

Larvae of this insect order are the predominant defoliators of our forests;

Isopoda

The only crustacean order that is significantly successful in terrestrial environments is;

Eurypterid

This predatory NYS fossil is an extinct arthropod belonging to the group called;

Horseshoe crab

The organism that lives in shallow water along the northeast US coast and in spring they lay eggs at the high tide line that migrating shorebirds feed on, is called a;

hunting, mating, ballooning

Spiders can use silk for at least 3 different purposes including;

Trachea

insects respire by means of their _______.

• oxygen reaches the tissues in insects primarily by the process of diffusion.

Pupa

Insects that have a complete metamorphosis have a developmental stage called a;

Hemiptera (true bugs) & Mantodea (mantis)

Two orders of insects whose wings develop externally during their immature stages are;

Details

The compound eye of arthropods is particularly good at detecting movement, as opposed to perception of;

evert stomach

Many starfish feed on bivalves by;

Aristotle’s Lantern

Sea urchins feed mainly on algae by;

Crinoidea

The most abundant Echinoderm fossils found in Devonian rocks around here belong to the class;

Stalks, feather like arms

What structure(s) characteristic of the class Crinoidea did their fossils have?

Ciliated bands

What feature of hemichordate anatomy reveals their relationship to echinoderms? (hint: locomotion & feeding)

Ventral

The nerve cord of arthropods extends along which side of the body?

Dorsal

The nerve cord of chordates runs along which side of the body? (hint; humans)

Echinoderm larva

• are planktonic & undergo a complete metamorphosis; from having bilateral symmetry to pentaradial symmetry, and a dramatic reorganization of structures as they develop.

• ciliated bands for feeding & locomotion.

centipedes

these organisms are adapted for a predatory lifestyle;

• use venomous claws to hunt and inject prey

• move quickly

• one pair of legs per segment

• carnivorous

millipedes

herbivores; mainly feeding on dead plant material;

• bite is harmless and not used defensively

• move relatively slowly

• two pairs of legs per segment