LitPHW

4TH QUARTER EXAMINATION

Drama

is literature written for performance--or at least written in a style that would allow for stage performance. As a text form, it can be thought of as a story told through spoken remarks and stage directions.

Drama

is the portrayal of fictional or non-fictional events through the performance of written dialogue (either prose or poetry). Dramas can be performed on stage, on film, or on the radio.

Drama

these are typically called plays, and their creators are known as “playwrights” or “dramatists.”

dran

The word drama comes from the **Greek verb** “**____**”, which means “**to do**.”

to do

The word drama comes from the **Greek verb** “**dran**”, which means “**_____**”

Tragedy and Comedy

**Two Major Divisions of Drama**

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**Tragedy**

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the character is confronted with a difficult moral choice and usually ends in his or her death.

**Comedy**

is a humorous entertaining performance with a happy ending. Comic heroes are usually ordinary people

Satiric Comedy and Romantic Comedy

**2 Types of Comedy** 

**Satiric Comedy**

satire exposes human folly, criticizes human conduct, and aims to correct it. Shows us the low level to which human behavior can sink.

**Romantic Comedy**

portrays characters gently, even generously. The humor of is more sympathetic than corrective, and it intends to entertain than instruct, to delight than ridicule.

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**Tragicomedy**

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Many modern plays __mix elements of comedy and tragedy.__

1. Plot

2. Theme

3. Characters

4. Dialogue

5. Song

6. Spectacle

**SIX ELEMENTS OF DRAMA ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE**

plot

the storyline, and what happens during the drama.

• Exposition

• Rising Action

• Climax

• Falling Action

• Resolution

**5 Stages of Freytag’s Pyramid**

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exposition

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Set up and introduce everything through exposition, which lays out the background information of your story. Outline the main characters, setting, and time period. That character can ask questions that the audience might have, thus clarifying various plot points.

rising action

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 - Introduce the story’s main conflict with the rising action, which are a series of events in the story that create tension and build to the climax.

climax

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Build to the height of tension, and reach the turning point for the main character. The story takes place when the main character has to face the truth and make an important choice.

falling action

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That character can ask questions that the audience might have, thus clarifying various plot points. n loose ends are tied up, the tension dissipates, and the conflict gives way to resolution.

resolution

 Close the loop on the story. Show how the tension affected the characters and the world around them.

**Theme**

the overall meaning of the drama.

For the audience, the theme __provides a universal way to engage with the drama’s specific subject matter.__

**Purpose of a Theme**

**Characters**

the players who move the plot forward and are the vital centers of the play.

**Dialogue**

the words the characters speak in the drama.

song

traditionally, the rhythm of the actors’ voices as they deliver their lines.

spectacle

the visual elements and technical elements of the film, including body language, facial expressions, sound effects, and special effects.

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**Theatrical adaptation**

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\- is a genre wherein a story from another medium is rewritten to conform to the elements of theater.

Dialogue

\- refers to the speech of a play.

It involves two speakers and monologue to the speech of one.

**Soliloquy** -

\- is a speech given by a character as if alone.

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**Aside**

are lines spoken by a character directly to the audience.

STAGE ART, MIMETIC ART, ACTIVE ART, and IMMEDIATE ART.

Drama is classified into four arts:

Ancient Greece, 543 B.C.

Drama began in ___________ dating back to _____. It started as choral performances of dancing and singing honoring the Greek god, Dionysus, the god of wine.

Dionysus

Greek god of wine

Plot, theme, character, dialogue, spectacle, and song.

Drama has six elements according to Aristotle: Plot, theme, character, dialogue, spectacle, and song

theatrical adaptation

material from another artistic medium, such as a novel or a film is re-written according to the needs and requirements of the theatre and turned into a play or musical.

short story

is a fictional work of prose that is shorter in length than a novel.

short story

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* Ranges from 300 to 8,000 words; other sources cite 1,000 to 2,000 words

• Settings

• Theme

• Plot

**Elements of the Short Story**

setting

It consists of the time, place, and social context of a story. The place or location of the action, the setting provides the historical and cultural context for characters. It often can symbolize the emotional state of characters.

theme

It is the central or dominant idea of the story reinforced by the interaction of fictional devices such as character, plot, setting, and point of view. It is also the overall generalization the reader can make about the story's meaning and significance.

theme

it is the Central idea or thesis

plot

The series of interrelated incidents arranged by the author to make up what is called the complication or problem

1. Exposition (Preliminary Incident)

2. Complication (Rising Incidents)

3. Climax or Crisis

4. Falling Action

5. Denouement

**Parts the Plot**

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**Exposition ( Preliminary Incident)** -

is the part where the author introduces the characters, sets the scene, give some background information, creates a situation and possibilities for a conflict. It is the background information regarding the setting, characters, and plot.

Complication (Rising Incidents)

\- is the part wherein the conflict develops and intensifies

**Climax or Crisis** -

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is the turning point of the story. It is the highest emotional or dramatic interest in the story. It is the moment of great tension that fixes the action.

Falling Action

\- is the part wherein the plot moves toward its conclusion.

Denouement

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- is a __French word__ meaning __"unknotting" or "untying"__. It reveals the final resolution.

**Character**

\- is any person who acts and manifests the moral, emotional, and intellectual qualities endowed to them by the author. The character can be understood by what he does, says, thinks, and decides to do.

• Direct Presentation

• Indirect Presentation

**Two ways of presenting the characters**

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Direct presentation

wherein the author describes what the character looks like

Indirect presentation

where in character is shown by his action and how he thinks, moves, and talks

• According to roles

• According to traits

• According to the ability to change or develop as a result of their experiences

**Classification of Characters**

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protagonist and antagonist

according to roles

protagnost

main or focal character

antagonist

the character against whom the protagonist clashes

flat and round

according to traits

flat

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those who manifest only one dominant trait throughout the story; those with very limited characteristics; those who usually play the minor role, act predictably, and are often presented as stereotypes

round

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those who are fully developed, displaying complex qualities and traits; those who change, grow, and possess credible personality

static and dynamic

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**According to the ability to change or develop as a result of their experiences**

static

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those who do not change or grow in the story

dynamic

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 those who change and grow in the story

point of view

\- is the angle of vision from which the reader follows the development of the story. It is created through the use of a narrator as a technique. The narrator can report external and internal events, but most important, they express the narrative angle that writers use to tell the story, to present actions, and to shape the reader's responses.

1. Omniscient

2. Limited Omniscient

3. First Person Point of View

**Kinds of point of view**

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Omniscient

"**all knowing**" - many or all of the characters' thoughts, feelings, and actions are revealed

Objective ( dramatic) -

recording of actions, speech, and gestures leaving us to infer the thoughts and feelings behind them

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Editorial

\- freely exposes the characters' inner lives and comments on the story as it progresses

**Limited Omniscient**

\n - wherein one character can be identified as a storyteller; wherein the story is followed through the consciousness of a particular character

**First Person Point of View**

uses **"I"**; the narrator or storyteller is a character in the story

external and internal

2 types of conflict

external conflict

the main characters pitted against a human adversary or against society. The main character struggles with another person, other people, or nature.

Internal Conflict

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- opposing forces are factors contesting within focal character's being

Style, Symbolism, and Irony

style and tone includes 3 components

Style

refers to the way writers express themselves. It depends on diction, syntax, voice, and rhythm. It reveals the writer's linguistic choices or preferences and therefore is a private and unique as their personalities and identities.

**Symbolism** -

the use of concrete things to represent abstract ideas

irony

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\- a contrast in which one term of contrast is in some ways mocking the other term; A contrast or discrepancy between one thing .

1. Verbal Irony

2. Irony of Circumstance or Situational Irony

3. Dramatic Irony

4. Ironic Vision

**Types of Irony**

Verbal Irony

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- we understand the opposite of what the speaker says.

Irony of Circumstance or Situational Irony

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- when one event is expected to occur but the opposite happens. A discrepancy between what seems to be and what is.

Dramatic Irony

- Discrepancy between what characters know and what readers know.

Ironic Vision

An overall tone of irony that pervades a work, suggesting how the writer views the characters.

**Imagery**

A concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea which appeals to one or more of our senses.

• Tactile imagery

• Aural imagery

• Olfactory imagery

• Visual imagery

• Gustatory image

**Types of Imagery**

**Tactile imagery** - sense of touch

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**Aural imagery** - sense of hearing

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**Olfactory imagery** - sense of smell

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**Visual imagery** - sense of sight

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**Gustatory imagery** - sense of taste

**Tactile imagery** - sense of _____

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**Aural imagery** - sense of _____

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**Olfactory imagery** - sense of _____

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**Visual imagery** - sense of _____

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**Gustatory imagery** - sense of _____

**Flash Fiction**

refers to a largely fictional work of relative brevity.

Flash Fiction

It should have not more than **50 words**, while others say that it can have as many as a thousand words.