ap hug vocab unit 1

map scale

the relationship of a feature's size on a map to it's actual size on Earth

(ratio, written, graphic)

projection

the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map

mercator projection

a map that shows the world with straight lines, but makes area near the poles look more stretched out than they really are (accurate shape/direction, size is distorted)

gall-peters projection

doesn't distort size, distorts shape (accurate size/area, shape is distorted)

longitude

the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe to measure how far EAST or WEST a place is from the PRIME MERIDIAN

latitude

the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe to measure how far NORTH or SOUTH a place is from the EQUATOR

isoline map

connects with lines all the places that have particular values

dot distribution map

depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread out over an area

choropleth map

where areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable

graduated symbol map

displays symbols that change in size according to the value of variable

cartogram

the projection and scale are distorted in order to convey the information of a variable

ratio: numerical relationship between distances on map and Earth's surface

written: describes relationship between map and Earth's surface in words

graphic: consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface

what are the 3 ways that map scale is presented?

what are the 4 types of map distortion that can occur?

shape: appears elongated or squatted than in reality

area: one area may appear larger than another on a map but in reality smaller

distance: distance between 2 points may become larger or smaller

direction: from one place to another can be distorted

what is geographic grid

a system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid patter. can be described by meridians and parallels. meridian is an arc connecting North & South poles. the location of each meridian is identified through longitude. a parallel is a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator. location of each parallel is identified through latitude

region

people, activities, and environment display similarities and regularities within a region and differ in some ways from those of other regions

scale

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole (climate change)

space

the physical gap or interval between two objects

connection

relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

cartography

the science of making maps

geographic information system (GIS)

captures, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data (produces maps)

remote sensing

collecting info about Earth from far away, usutally using satellites or airplanes

global positioning system (GPS)

system that determines the precise position of something on Earth

geotagging

identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates

mashup

a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service such as Google Maps

what are the 2 purposes of maps

1. communication tool

2. reference tool

location

the position that something occupies on Earth's surface

place name, site, situation

what are 3 ways to identify location?

toponym

the name given to a place on Earth

site

the physical character of a place (latitude, elevation)

relative location (situation)

the location of a place relative to other places

absolute location

describes the position of a place in a way that never changes such as latitude/longitude

distribution

the arrangement of something across Earth's surface

density

the frequency with which something occurs in space (the amount)

concentration

the extent of a feature's spread over a given area (clustered or dispersed) but if it says "it is concentrated" then it means it is close together

pattern

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

uneven development

the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy

core region

the central hub of a country or the world where wealth, power, high-paying jobs, and advanced technology are concentrated

peripheral region

an outer or edge area that has less money, fewer people, and less development than the main economic center (core)

income inequality

the uneven split of money and earnings across a population

gender v sex

sex: male or female depending on biological features

gender: social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and females as well as relationships between men and women

gender roles

expected norms boys/girls follow

distance decay

the farther away someone is from another, the less likely the two are to interact

time-space compression

to describe the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place (idea that technology makes places feel closer together by reducing the time it takes to travel or communicate between them)

network

chain of communication that connects places

assimilation

the process by which a group's cultural features are ALTERED to resemble those of another group (replacing culture and the loss of your original culture)

acculturation

the process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of 2 groups (adding to your culture)

syncretism

the combination of elements of 2 groups into a new cultural feature (blending both new and original culture)

resource

a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use

sustainability

the use of Earth's resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future (still affective in the long term)

conservation

the sustainable management of a natural resource to meet human needs (the protection and CAREFUL use of natural resources so they are not used up or damaged)

preservation

the maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible (fully not allowing nature and resources from being used or changed; PREVENT)

climate

the long-term average weather condition at a particular location

biosphere

all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals as well as microorganisms

erosion

occurs when soil washes away in the rain or blows away in the wind

depletion of nutrients

when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural processes can replace

cultural ecology

the geographic study of human-environment relationships

environmental determinism

an approach to the study of geography which argued that the physical environment determines or strongly influences human behavior, culture, and development

possibilism

the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment

coordinated universal time

the time at the prime meridian is the master reference time for all points on Earth

International Date Line

an arc that for the most part follows 180 degree longitude where the calendar date changes by one day when you cross it

what are the 3 pillars of sustainability?

environment: the practice of using Earth's natural resources and protecting ecosystems in ways that meet human needs so future generations can have them too

economy: maintaining long-term economic growth and stability w/o depleting the natural, social, or capital resources required for future production

society: focuses on human well-being, social equity, and cultural preservation so that all communities can thrive today and in future