health psych and disorders

stress

a physical or mental to a challenging or threatening situation

stressor

stressful stimulus or situation demanding adaptation

traumatic stressor

a situation that threatens one's physical activity, arousing feelings of fear

adverse childhood experiences

ACE's, affect a person over a lifetime

eutress

positive/motivating stress

distress

negative/debilitating stress

acute stress

short term - temporary pattern of stressor-activated arousal with a distinct onset, and limited duration

chronic stress

long term - continuous state of stressful arousal, persisting over time

response to normal stressor

initial arousal, fight or flight, autonomic nervous system, decrease in immune system

response to traumatic stressor

5 stages of dealing with catastrophic situations

psychic numbness

shock, confusion, lack of understanding

automatic action

little awareness of the experience, poor memory/recall

communal effort

people work together, but with little planning

letdown

setting-in of the magnitude and impact of the situation

recovery

survivors adapt to changes caused by the disaster

general adaptation syndrome

pattern of general physical responses that take the same form in responding to a serious chronic stressor

alarm reaction

fight or flight - body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor

resistance

adapt to the presence of a stressor

exhaustion

body depletes its resources

tend and befriend theory

some people react to stress by tending to the needs of others and seeking connection with others, especially the young

problem focused coping

managing emotional reactions to stress as a coping mechanism; breathing, meditation, medication

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

effect size

a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect

hallucinations - psychopathy

false sensory experiences

delusions - psychopathy

persistent false beliefs

affect - psychopathy

characteristically depressed, anxious, manic, or no emotions

dsm-5

describes disorders, predicts its future, imply treatment, stimulate research

icd-10

like dsm-5, but international

psychoanalytic perspective of disorders

internal, unconscious drives

humanistic perspective of disorders

failure to strive to one's potential or being out of touch with one's feelings

behavioral perspective of disorders

reinforcement history, the environment

cognitive perspective of disorders

irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking

socio-cultural perspective of disorders

dysfunctional society

biomedical/neuroscience perspective of disorders

organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetics

bio-psycho-social model

bio, psycho, and social factors contribute to disorders

diathesis-stress model

proposes a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

neurodevelopmental disorders

onset during the developmental period

neurodevelopmental symptoms

focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age level

schizophrenic disorders

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/thoughts, disorganized motor, negative symptoms

catatonia

disorganized movement

excitement

positive movement

stupor

negative movement

negative symptoms

lack of typical behavior such as flat affect or catatonic movement

dopamine hypothesis

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity and reduced grey matter

depressive disorders

sad, empty, or irritable mood with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person's ability to function

major depressive disorder

two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

persistent depressive disorder

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder

bipolar disorders

characterized by periods of mania and depression (bipolar cycling)

bipolar 1

involves severe mania

bipolar 2

less severe mania; more depressive periods

anxiety disorders

characterized by excessive fear and/or anxiety with related behavioral disturbances

specific phobias

anxiety toward a specific object

agoraphobia

fear of social situations

panic disorder

experience panic attacks

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of being watched or judged

generalized anxiety disorder (gad)

prolonged experiences of nonspecific fear or anxiety

obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions

obsessive compulsive disorder

obsessions coupled with compulsions

hoarding disorder

difficulty parting with things you believe need to be saved

dissociative disorders

characterized by dissociations from consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body, motor, and behavior

dissociative amnesia

a sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting

dissociative identity disorder

disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

trauma and stressor-related disorders

characterized by exposure to a traumatic event with subsequent distress

post traumatic stress disorder

an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events

feeding and eating disorders

characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological thinking

anorexia nervosa

starvation and excessive exercise

bulimia nervosa

binging and purging

personality disorders

characterized by enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that is deviant from one's culture and remains stable over time

cluster a

odd, eccentric; paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

cluster b

dramatic, emotional; antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline

cluster c

anxious, fearful; avoidant, dependant, ocpd

3 components of therapy

identify problem, identify cause, decide on form of treatment

psychodynamic therapy

uncover the unconscious mind

free association

patient says whatever comes to mind

dream analysis

patient relates a dream to be analyzed to a therapist

hypnosis

treats pain and anxiety; does not retrieve accurate memories or regression in age

cognitive therapy

comats maladaptive thinking using biofeedback

biofeedback

uses principles of conditioning to help clients regulate body systems that contribute to disorder

aversion therapy

uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviors

exposure therapy

involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly

token economy

given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards

systematic desensitization therapy

visualize a graduated series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed

cognitive-behavioral therapy

combines cognitive and behavioral approaches

dialectical behavior therapy

focus is on getting people to accept who they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal

rational-emotive behavior therapy

challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

humanistic therapy

person-centered, unconditional positive regard, active listening

anti-psychotics

decrease dopamine, often treats schizophrenia

stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

hallucinogens

psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

transcranial magnetic stimulation

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

lobotomy

cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain