Ions to Memorize

H3O^+

Hydronium

NH4^+

Ammonium

OH^-

Hydroxide

HCO3^-

Bicarbonate

CO3²-

carbonate

NO3^-

nitrate

NO2^-

nitrite

CH3COO^-

acetate

PO4³-

phosphate

SO4²-

sulfate

SO3²-

sulfite

MnO4^-

permanganate

polyatomic cations end in 

-ium

polyatomic anions end in

-ate, -ite

monatmic anions end it

-ide

linear bond angle

180

trigonal planar bond angle

120

tetrahedral bond angle

109.5

trigonal bipyramidal bond angle

90, 120

octahedral bond angle

90

t shaped bond angle

90

bent bond angle

less than 109.5

steric number

number of atoms + lone pairs bonded to central atom

ion dipole forces

between an ion and a polar molecule with a permanent dipole

ion-induced dipole interactions

an ion and a nonpolar molecule that has a temporary dipole induced by the ion's charge

dipole dipole interactions

between two polar molecules

dipole induced dipole

between a polar and nonpolar molecule

Relative strengths of intermolecular forces

ion-ion > ion-dipole > hydrogen bonding > dipole-dipole > ion-induced dipole > dipole-induced dipole > london dispersion

combination reaction

reactants combine to form a single product

why is dissollving in water not a chemical change?

No new product was formed

decomposition reaction

only one reactant and more than one product.

single replacement reaction

2 Mg(l ) + TiCl4(g) → 2 MgCl2(s) + Ti(s)

precipitation reaction

double-replacement reaction involving the formation of a precipitate

acid base reactions are alwasy

double replacement

neutralization reaction.

strong acid + strong base → salt + water

critical point

highest temperature and pressure at which a liquid and gas can exist in equilibrium

triple point

all 3 phases coexist in equilibrium

Above the critical temperature on a phase diagram

The gas and the liquid phases become indistinguishable. A gas above its critical temperature cannot be liquefied no matter how high a pressure is applied

intermolecular forces

forces between neutral molecules

intramolecular forces

force between ions (chemical bond)

hydrogen bonding visual example

electrolytes vs nonelectrolytes

Electrolytes are typically ionic compounds (like salt) or strong acids, and they are essential for bodily functions like nerve impulses and muscle contractions. Nonelectrolytes are often covalent compounds that remain intact as molecules, such as sugar, alcohol, and many organic molecules