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Circulatory system
first evolved to transport nutrients, then as respiratory function
“pump”
heart, bulk flow pressure that propels blood thru body
“pipes”
artery, vein, capillary
“fluid”
blood/true blood and lymph, which circulate nutrients and waste.
open circulatory system
less energy required, low pressure (slow), direct diffusion on nutrients/gases into tissues
closed circulatory system
blood confined to vessels, high pressure (fast), more energy required
atria
the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body and lungs and send to ventricles
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out to the body and lungs.
contraction
systole, increasing pressure
relaxed
diastole, decreasing pressure
atrioventricular (AV) valves
separate atrium and ventricles and prevent backflow of blood during contraction.
semi-lunar valves
guard the outlets of the ventricles, preventing backflow of blood into the heart during diastole.
murmur
inefficient blood flow, might go back
serial circulation
one loop, in fish
serial circulation: heart has ____ atrium and ventricle
one
serial circulation: process
heart → gills (O2 exchange) → body tissues→ back to heart
serial circulation limits
low pressure (slow blood flow) low metabolic rate
parallel circulation
parallel heart operates as two pumps (mammals and birds)
parallel circulation: pulmonary circuit
blood is sent to the lungs for O2 exchange
Parallel circulation: systemic circuit
oxygenated blood is sent to the rest of the body
parallel circulation
circuits run in parallel, so heart re pumps blood after lung exchange → high pressure
AV valves
prevents backflow from ventricle to atrium
pulmonary valve/aortic valve
prevent back flow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle and aortic valve to left ventricle
artery
thick muscle, elastic walls, small lumen that carries blood away from the heart.
thin capillaries
lots of SA, low pressure (maximize exchange of blood/interstitial fluid)
veins
small wall, large lumen, low pressure that returns blood towards the heart.
venous blood flow
the movement of deoxygenated blood through veins back to the heart.
venous pressure is ___
low
muscles contract to propel blood thru ____
large veins
valves
ensure blood flow towards the heart
atherosclerosis
the buildup of cholesterol plaques in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
blood composition
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
plasma (55%)
carries dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes
erythrocytes (RBC)
contain hemoglobin, which carry O2 to tissues and CO2 away
leukocytes (WBC)
involved in immune response and defense against pathogens.