PHARMA

PHARMACOLOGY

Study of drug actions and drug interactions

with living organisms.

Its clinical application are scientific discipline

and cannot be covered adequately without

combining theoretical knowledge and clinical

course work.

DRUGS

Chemical substances that are not required for

normal maintenance of body function and

produce a biological effect in an organism.

Drugs can be poisonous if they are misused.

When they are used correctly, they are meant

to relieve human diseases and suffering.

DRUGS OR MEDICATION

BIOLOGIC

ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES

THREE CATEGORIES OF SUBSTANCE ADMINISTERED FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES:

DRUGS OR MEDICATION

Chemical agents capable of producing biologic response in

the body.

These responses may be desirable (therapeutic) or

undesirable (adverse).

BIOLOGIC

Chemical agents naturally produced in animal cells,

microorganisms or the body itself such as hormones,

natural blood products, vaccines.

ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES

include natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals,

dietary supplements and therapeutic techniques that may

be considered unconventional such as acupuncture

The safe dosage

The safe route of administration

Limitations of the drug he/she administers

The side effects

The potential adverse and toxic reactions

The indications and contraindications for its use

He must also know the potential hazards of any drug that is

incorrectly or unsafely administered

The professional radiographer who administered drugs is expected to know

Drugs that must be administered parenterally

Drugs that are hypnotic or narcotic

Drugs that may cause dependence

Drugs that contain derivatives of habit-forming

substances

Drugs that may be toxic if not administered under the

supervision of a physician, dentist, or nurse practitioner

Drugs that are new and limited to investigational use and

are not safe if indiscriminately used

THERE ARE A LIST OF DRUGS THAT MUST BEAR THE LEGEND “CAUTION: FEDERAL LAW PROHIBITS

DISPENSING WITHOUT PRESCRIPTION” THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. Patient name, room number or address, and

identification numbers

2. Drug name (generic or brand)

3. Dosage (in proper units of measure for particular

drug)

4. Dosage form (e.g., tablet, injection, solution)

5. Route of administration (e.g., oral, parenteral, rectal)

6. Date order is written

7. Prescriber’s signature

Drug standards and control

OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS

Drugs that are considered safe for self administration

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS HEALTH AND EDUCATION ACT (enacted in 1994)

Forbids these substances from making claims that discuss disease or cure of an ailment

ALTERNATIVE DIETARY AND HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS

Not regulated by FDA and are classified as food, and not drugs

DEPENDENCE

Physical or psychological need for a particular drug

ADDICTION

Overwhelming feeling of physical need for a particular drug that must be met at all costs

WITHDRAWAL

If the need is a physical, these are physical signs of discomfort developed when the drug is no longer available

WITHDRAWAL

If the need is psychological, the dependent person has no physical signs of discomfort but continued to need the feeling that the drug produces

1. Relieve undesired symptoms

2.Prevent disease

3.Cure Disease

4.Diagnose disease or pathological conditions

5.Relieve anxiety or pain prior to a diagnostic procedure

Drugs are administered to

CHEMICAL NAME

Presents its exact chemical formula of a drug

and always remains the same

Often cumbersome, and one is seldom

required to remember it as it is rarely used in

daily clinical practice

GENERIC NAME

Name given to the drug before its official approval for use

Assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council

Less complicated and easier to remember than the chemical

name

Name used by the FDA, the U.S. Pharmacopoeia, and the

World Health Organization to describe the drug

TRADE NAME/PROPRIETARY NAME

Assigned to a drug by a particular manufacturer

of the drug

ONSET OF ACTION

PEAK CONCENTRATION LEVEL

REMEDIAL EFFECT

DURATION OF ACTION

Drug actions

ONSET OF ACTION

Drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized,

and then excreted from the body.

As this process takes place, the drug reaches a

point at which it has its intended effect.

PEAK CONCENTRATION LEVEL

As it continues to be absorbed, the drug reaches its peak concentration level

REMEDIAL EFFECT

The time during which the drug attains its

maximum therapeutic response

Drug is able to produce its most desired

curative

DURATION OF ACTION

Time during which the drug is in the body in an

amount large enough to be therapeutic

As the drug is excreted from the body, the

concentration level subsides to a point at which

there is little or no intended effect.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (1906)

As agency of the Department of

Health and Human Services.

Center for Drug Evaluation and

Research (CDER)

Controls whether prescription and

OTC drugs may be used for therapy.

Center for Biologics Evaluation and

Research (CBER)

Regulates serums, vaccines and

blood products.

FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT (1938)

CHILDHOOD VACCINE ACT (1986)

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT (1971)

PRESCRIPTION DRUG USER FEE ACT (1992)

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT HEALTH AND EDUCATION ACT (1994)

FDA MODERNIZATION (1997)

important US drug laws

FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT (1938)

Prevents marketing of drugs not thoroughly tested

Provides the requirement that drug companies must

apply to the Food and Drug Administration before

marketing any new drug.

CHILDHOOD VACCINE ACT (1986)

Regulates safety of biologics

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE ACT (1971)

Increases research and assists person dependent on drugs with rehabilitation

PRESCRIPTION DRUG USER FEE ACT (1992)

Requires non genetic drug and biologic manufacturer to pay fees to be used for improvements in drug review

DIETARY SUPPLEMENT HEALTH AND EDUCATION (1994)

Requires labeling of dietary supplement and allows FDA to remove those that are a risk to the public

FDA MODERNIZATION ACT (1997)

Reauthorizes the prescription drug user fee act and reforms the drug review process

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE

All drugs must be in liquid form to be absorbed.

Solid drugs (like tablets) must first break down into

small particles in the pharmaceutic phase before

absorption.

Enteric-coated tablets dissolve only in the small

intestine (alkaline environment), not in the stomach.

Liquid drugs and parenteral drugs (injected) skip this

phase because they are already in a form ready for

absorption.

BIOPHARMACEUTICS

The area of pharmacology that focuses on the method for achieving effective drug administration.

Drugs are place into vehicles by the manufacturing process

DRUG VEHICLES

a substance into which a drug is compounded for initial

delivery into the body

DOSAGE FORM

solid, liquid, gas, or any combination of these—is the

combination of both the drug and the vehicle used to deliver the drug.

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE

The phase that drugs must go through when administered in solid

or tablet form.

• Solid form of the drug must be broken down into tiny particles to

be dissolved into the body fluids of the gastrointestinal tract.

ENTERIC-COATED TABLETS

Do not go through the pharmaceutic phase of absorption until they

reach the small intestine where they are dissolved in an alkaline

media.

PHARMACOKINETICS

The study of the movement of drugs within

biologic systems

PHARMACOKINETICS

what the body does to the drugs

ABSORPTION

DISTRIBUTION

METABOLISM

EXTRACTION.

The study of the movement of drugs within

biologic systems includes

ABSORPTION

Drugs must be in liquid form to be absorbed

Pharmaceutic Phase – solid or tablet form drug’s

phase before absorption

Drugs advance from dosage form into a form that

makes it biologically available for passage into

systemic circulation.

Amount of drug actually reaches circulation

becomes bioavailable or reaches the state of

bioavailability as it reaches the systemic circulation

PHARMACEUTIC PHASE

Solid or tablet form drug’s s phase before absorption

PASSIVE DIFFUSION

Requires no cellular energy

Drug simply moves across a cell

membrane from another area of lower

concentration to one of higher

concentration

Determinants deciding whether drug

will cross cell membrane:

Lipid and water solubility.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Requires energy from the cell and a carrier

molecule such as an enzyme or protein that

forms complexes with drug molecules on the

membrane surface to carry them through the

membrane and then leave them by dissociation.

Is necessary to move some drugs and

electrolytes such as sodium and potassium

from outside to inside a cell

PINOCYTOSIS

type of active transport

which cell engulf drug particle and form

protective coat around and transport

across cell membrane.

orally taken drugs may be metabolized

or become inactive. Large doses must

be taken to attain intended effect.

FIRST-PASS EFFECT

The partial metabolism of a drug before it reaches

the systemic circulation

This effect requires that a larger dose of a drug be

administered so that a portion of the drug remains

to perform its intended effect

Oral ingestion → Stomach → Small Intestine →

Mesenteric Vascular System → Portal Vein → Liver → Systemic Circulation

first-pass effect

ENTEROHEPATIC RECYCLING

Allows the drug to persist in the body

for long periods of time

After Absorption of Drugs → Bloodstream →

Liver → Biliary Tract → Excreted in Bile or

Return to Small Intestine → Blood stream

ENTEROHEPATIC RECYCLING

Adequate blood circulation

Protein binding

Drugs Affinity for lipoid or

aqueous tissue

RATE OF DISTRIBUTION DEPENDS

ON:

DISTRIBUTION

As a drug travels through the circulatory

system, it may come into contact with

plasma proteins and bind to them or

remain free.

As the free drug acts, there is a decrease

in plasma drug levels, which allows a

portion of the bound drug to be released

and become active.

The slow release of the drug allows blood

levels of a drug to remain somewhat

constant

PLACENTA

a barrier with nonselective nature

DISTRIBUTION

If two or more drugs compete for a plasma-binding

site, the drug with the strongest affinity for the site

acquires it.

• This allows a greater amount of the other drug free

to act and may result in a toxic level of that drug or

result in a drug-drug interaction.

• Drugs that are intended to penetrate the blood-

brain barrier must be highly lipid soluble and bind

minimally with plasma proteins to achieve their

intended effect.

METABOLISM

process of alteration of structure of drugs or foreign substances

Age

Health Status

Time of day

Emotional Status

Presence of other drugs in the body

Genetic variation

Disease state

factors that alters metabolism rate

KIDNEYS

are where the excretion

commonly takes place.

HALF-LIFE

The time it takes for a 50% decrease in a drug’s

presence in the body.

• To attain steady-state, the same amount of drug

must be taken in, as is eliminated in, each 24-hour

period.

• Drugs with a short half-life need to be administered

more frequently than a drug with prolonged half-life.

CLEARANCE RATE

A drug’s removal from the body

• A drug with a slow clearance rate that is

given too often may accumulate in the body

and reach a toxic level

Age

Nutritional Status

Ethnicity

Existing Physical Condition

Immune Status

State of Mind

Gender

Weight

Environment Factor

Time of day

PROCESS OF DRUGS WITHIN THE

BODY DEPENDS ON

PHARMACODYNAMICS

Beginning and ending point of patient of

drug actions is pharmacodynamic effect.

Study of uptake, movement, binding and

interactions of drugs at area of interaction.

Method or mechanism of drug action on

living tissues or response of tissues to

drugs at various site of the body

Altered Blood Pressure

Altered Heart Rate

Altered Urinary Output

Altered Function of CNS and PNS

Changes in all other body system

PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF DRUGS ARE

AFFECTED BY THE FOLLOWING:

DRUG RECEPTOR

Macromolecular component of the body

tissue that receives the maximum effect of a

drug.

factor that determines drug concentration to

accomplish intended attraction between

drug and receptor

concentration of drug to accomplish its

intended effect.

DRUG RECEPTOR

bind to receptor and produces therapeutic

effect.

partial binding at a receptor and produce

partial therapeutic effect.

joins receptor and prevents antagonist from

performing its intended effect.

relation between dosages of which intended

effect is obtained and the amount that

produces unwanted effect..

ONSET OF ACTION

The drug reaches a point at which it has its intended

effect.

PEAK CONCENTRATION LEVEL

The time during which the drug attains its maximum

therapeutic response.

• The drug is able to produce its most desired curative or

remedial effect.

DURATION OF ACTION

The time during which the drug is in the body in an

amount large enough to be therapeutic.

• As the drug is excreted from the body, the concentration

level subsides to a point at which there is little or no

intended effecT

RECEPTORS

are specific biologic sites located on a cell surface

or within a cell.

AFFINITY

Drugs have specific affinity for their specific

receptors.

• Strong affinity for a receptor allows a drug to elicit

an agonist, antagonist, or mixed agonist/antagonist

interaction

AGONISTS

Drugs that are able to bind with receptors to produce a

therapeutic response.

PARTIAL AGONISTS

Partial binding at the receptor site and

produces only partial therapeutic response.

ANTAGONISTS

Joins with a receptor and prevents the agonist from performing

its Intended effect.

THERAPEUTIC INDEX

the relation between the dosage at which

the intended effect of a drug is obtained and the amount that

produces an unwanted effect

ADRENERGIC DRUGS

constrict blood vessels and stimulate heart

ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS

caused increased peripheral circulation and decreased blood pressure

ANTIMUS