Kines 2, unit 1 review

describe the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs, sacrum

describe the appendicular skeleton

arms + legs

the palpable bone just posterior to ear lobes which have a big attachment point for muscles

mastoid process

when looking at an inferior view of the occipital bone, name the bony landmarks from anterior to posterior

basilar part, occipital condyles, foramen magnum, inferior nuchal line, superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance

palpable bony landmark on posterior head

external occipital protuberance

in the skull, the spinal cord goes through this

foramen magnum

condyles at inferior skull that touch C1 and anterior to foramen magnum

occipital condyles

can you palpate the occipital condyles?

no

anything posterior to the occipital condyles will be taut with

flexion (includes spinal cord)

anything anterior to the occipital condyles will be taut with

extension

the vertebrae protects and provides?

vertical stability, conduit to protect SC and exiting nerve roots

cervical spine is kyphotic or lordotic

lordotic

thoracic spine is kyphotic or lordotic

kyphotic

lumbar spine is kyphotic or lordotic?

lordotic

there is a pattern of the size of the vertebral bodies as you move inferior?

increases to support more weight

in the spine, a number or dorsal nerves carry

motor info

the cervical spinal nerves exit where

above associated cervical vertebrae

what spinal nerve exits between C2 and C3

C3

what spinal nerve exits between C5 and C6

C6

what spinal nerve exits between C7 and T1?

C8

the thoracic spinal nerves exit where

below the associated thoracic vertebrae

what spinal nerve exits between T2 and T3?

T2

the spinal cord ends where

L2 as it becomes cauda equina

joint formed by two vertebral bodies and interposed intervertebral disc

interbody joint

a pedicle goes from

vertebral body to transverse process

a lamine goes from

transvers process to spinous process

where does the spinal cord go through in vertebrae

vertebral canal

where do nerve roots exit in vertebrae

intervertebral foramen

the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae connects to

ribs

the articulation of transverse processes and rib

costal facet

apophyseal joints are located where

between facets

a longer transverse process means what

longer IMA so more torque produced

how many true ribs

10

how many floating ribs

2

how many ribs directly connect to sternum

7

how many ribs indirectly connect to sternum via cartilage

3

how to know you are on the inferior aspect of the ribs

costal groove

the posterior end of the ribs have head/neck which attach to

costocoporeal joint to VB (head), anterior tubercle to transverse process (neck)

the anterior end of the ribs attach to

sternum

why are thoracic vertebrae are so stable?

they connect to ribs which connect to sternum

upper portion of sternum containing jugular notch with manubriosternal joint fuses by adulthood

manubrium

the anterior body of sternum is

rough for attachment of muscles

the posterior body of sternum is

smooth to be gentle on heart and lungs

inferior aspect of sternum, attachment for rectus abdominis and linea alba, xiphisternal joint is fused

xiphoid process

the sacrum/coccyx of spine rests in what? is it movable?

kyphosis, not moveable

with extension of spine (back bending), how are the curvatures adjusted

cervical and lumbar lordosis exaggerated, thoracic kyphosis minimized

can the thoracic spine ever move into lordosis and why?

no d/t ribs, facets

with flexion of spine (forward bending), how are the curvatures adjusted

cervical and lumbar lordosis is minimized, thoracic kyphosis is exaggerated

what is the gravity effect on the curvatures of the spine

all normal curvatures are increased

cervical region largest EMA

C4/C5

thoracic region largest EMA

T6

lumbar region largest EMA

L3

what resists gravity from putting the cervical spine into more lordosis

anterior ligaments

what resists gravity putting the thoracic spine into more kyphosis

posterior ligaments

what resists gravity from putting the lumbar spine into more lordosis

anterior ligaments

sway back posture will do what to the curves of spine?

exaggerate all, most with thoracic

normal posture means which parts of the body are aligned?

middle of ankle aligned with middle of head

name the ligaments of the vertebral column from anterior to posterior in order

anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, ligamantum flavum, capsular, interspinous, supraspinous

the ligamentum FLLavum goes from what to what?

anterior lamina above to posterior lamina below

T/F: the ligamentum flavum touches the spinal cord

true

when does the ligamentum flavum get taut?

flexion

the axis of rotation for flexion/extension of spine is what

ML through the IVD

any structures in front of the IVD will be taut with

extension

any structures behind the IVD will be taut with

flexion

from day to day activity, the ligamentum flavum is stiff or not stiff

not stiff

in trauma cases, the ligamentum flavum becomes stiff or not stiff?

stiff

in hyperextension injuries, the ligamentum flavum can become what? what can this lead to?

slackened where it can compress the spinal cord, leading to central cord syndrome

what is the most posterior ligament of the spine?

supraspinous ligament

the supraspinous ligament gets taut with what? what does this have to do with moment arms?

flexion, long IMA which pulls you into extension, but not developed well in C or L spine

what is the spinal ligament that resists flexion, blends in with ligamentum flavum and moves from spinous process to spinous process

interspinous ligament

the ligamentum nuchae goes from what to what

from external occipital protuberance to C7 spinous process

the ligamentum nuchae gets taut with

flexion

the intertransverse ligaments go from

transverse process to transverse process

the intertransverese ligaments get taut with

lateral flexion to contralateral side

the anterior longitudinal ligament goes from

basilar occipital bone to anterior surface of VB

the ALL is narrow or wide as it move inferiorly?

starts narrow superiorly and widens inferiorly

the ALL gets taut with

extension

Posterior longitudinal ligament extends from

posterior surface of all vertebral bodies

the PLL is narrow or wide as it moves inferiorly

starts wide superiorly and narrows inferioly

the PLL gets taut with

flexion

the apophyseal joint capsule contains what? what do they do?

mechanoreceptors for proprioception

the apophyseal joint capsule is taut in

extremes of all directions

the apophyseal joint capsule is relatively loose in

neutral extension

what are the typical cervical vertebrae

C3-C6

what are the atypical cervical vertebrae

C1, C2, C7

what is the uncinate process of cervical region

makes up uncovertebral joint and holds IVD in place

what is commonly possible at the uncovertebral joint in C spine

arthritis, osteophytes causing pain with lateral flexion

superior facets face

posterior

inferior facets face

anterior

facet orientation guides movement so what moves, the superior facets, inferior facets, or both?

superior facets

the transverse processes of C spine have anterior and posterior tubercles which are for?

attachment of scalenes

does the C1 atlas have interbody joint?

no

does the C1 atlas have a VB?

no

the posterior tubercle of the C1 atlas is an attachment for

ligamentum nuchae

the superior articular facet of C1 is convex/concave

concave

the occipitcal condyles of skull that articulate with C1 is convex/concave

convex

the C1 and C2 facet joints are oriented in what direction for what motion?

horizontal for rotation

the transverse processes of C1 are very wide. Why is this important for movement?

long IMA so more leverage for rotation

the anterior facet of C2 is lined with

cartilage to interact with inner C1

the C1 is held to the C2 den via the

transverse ligament