In Class Topics; Flashcards

What does a cross-sectional study compare?

Different groups at one point in time

What does a longitudinal design track?

The same group over time

What design combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methods?

Sequential design

What type of experiment manipulates the IV in a controlled setting?

Laboratory experiment

What type of experiment manipulates the IV in real-world conditions?

Field experiment

What is a natural experiment?

Uses naturally occurring variables without manipulation

What method involves systematic observation and recording?

Observational study

What method involves participants reporting about themselves?

Self-report

What is a case study?

In-depth study of one individual or small group

What does correlation measure?

The relationship between two variables

Why doesn’t correlation equal causation?

Because a third variable may explain the relationship

What is ecological validity?

The extent to which lab results generalize to real life

What is informed consent?

Voluntary agreement to participate with full awareness

Who developed the Ecological Systems Theory?

Urie Bronfenbrenner

What is the microsystem?

Immediate environment (family, peers, school)

What is the exosystem?

Indirect environment (parents’ workplace, community)

What is the macrosystem?

Cultural values and beliefs

What is the chronosystem?

Historical time and life transitions

Who proposed psychosocial development theory?

Erik Erikson

What does Piaget’s theory study?

How knowledge is gained (genetic epistemology)

What are Piaget’s processes of adaptation?

Assimilation and accommodation

What are Piaget’s four stages?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Who proposed the sociocultural theory of learning?

Lev Vygotsky

What is scaffolding?

Support given by a more knowledgeable other

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Who developed operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior

What is negative reinforcement?

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior

Who emphasized observational learning?

Albert Bandura

What is Freud’s psychosexual theory centered on?

Libido energy in specific body regions across stages

What are Freud’s five stages?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

What does Baltes’ SOC theory stand for?

Selective Optimization with Compensation

What does developmental psychology study?

Behavioral and mental changes across the lifespan

What are the three main processes of development?

Biological, cognitive, socioemotional

What is chronological age?

Time passed since birth

What is biological age?

Physical condition compared to other

What is psychological age?

Effectiveness in coping with environment

What is social age?

Expected social roles at a certain time

What is functional age?

Combined measure of biological, psychological, and social age

What are normative age-graded influences?

Events tied to age, like puberty or retirement

What are normative history-graded influences?

Shared experiences due to historical events (e.g., 9/11, COVID)

What are nonnormative life events?

Unique, individual experiences (e.g., sudden illness)

What is epigenetics?

Environmental changes to gene expression

What hormone from fat cells triggers puberty?

Leptin

What is menarche?

First menstrual period

What is spermarche?

First ejaculation of sperm

Who developed the five pubertal stages?

James Tanner

What is a secular trend in puberty?

Decline in age of menarche over tim

What is early maturation linked to in girls?

Negative effects such as risky behaviors

What are primary sex characteristics?

Development of reproductive organs

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Visible traits like hair growth and voice chang

What are four reasons adolescents use substances?

Experimental, social, medicinal, addictiv

At what stage does abstract reasoning begin?

Formal operational stage (12+)

What is post-formal thought?

Adult reasoning that includes pragmatism and reflective judgment

What is metacognition?

Awareness of one’s own thinking

What is selective attention?

Focusing on one stimulus while ignoring others

What is divided attention?

Splitting focus across multiple tasks

What is adolescent egocentrism?

Difficulty distinguishing one’s own perspective from others’

What is the “imaginary audience”?

Belief that others are constantly observing you

What is the “personal fable”?

Belief in the uniqueness of one’s experiences

What is the optimistic bias?

Belief that negative outcomes won’t happen to onese

What is self-concept?

A person’s view and evaluation of themselves

What is self-esteem?

Overall sense of worth and well-being

Which domain most influences adolescent self-esteem?

Physical appearance

What method samples adolescents’ moods in real time?

Experience Sampling Method (beeper studies)

What is Erikson’s adolescent crisis?

Identity vs. Role Confusion

What are Baumrind’s four parenting styles?

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, Uninvolved

What are five sibling relationship types?

Caregiver, Buddy, Critical, Rival, Causal

In adolescence, whose influence increases: peers or family?

Peers

What are the three cultural views of adolescent sexuality?

Permissive, Semi-restrictive, Restrictive

Which countries have the lowest teen pregnancy rates?

Those that are highly permissive or highly restrictive

What is the long-term trend for teen mothers?

Lower educational and economic outcomes

What type of sex ed programs are most effective?

Focused, accurate, skill-based, and long-term

Which two domains of life are highlighted in emerging adulthood?

Education and work

According to Dead Poets Society, why must individuals find their own voice early

The longer you wait, the less likely you are to find it

What technological factor influenced emerging adulthood?

Technology revolution

What cultural shift in sexuality contributed to emerging adulthood?

Sexual revolution

What social movement expanded women’s roles and options?

Women’s movement

Which generational factor emphasized the value of youth?

Youth movement

What type of schooling is a key reason for emerging adulthood?

Tertiary education

What does tertiary education include?

College, university, and training programs

In which country is tertiary education described as least demanding?

Japan

For Americans, how long does it now take on average to earn a 4-year degree?

6 years

What major concern influences U.S. students in higher education?

Financial concerns

What is the general economic benefit of tertiary education?

Higher income and lower unemployment

Which U.S. government agency provides data on earnings and unemployment by education?

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

What type of education represents tertiary education’s digital future?

Online learning

Which source provides statistics on online learning?

NCES (National Center for Education Statistics)

What is a common goal of emerging adults in the labor force?

Finding adult work

Which organization tracks growing occupations in the U.S.?

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)

What major demographic trend affects the U.S. labor force?

Aging population

How is the U.S. bachelor’s degree timeline different now compared to the past?

It takes longer (6 years vs. 4 years)

Which revolution encouraged delayed marriage and family formation?

Sexual revolution

Which movement created broader career opportunities for women?

Women’s movement

Why is the youth movement important for emerging adulthood?

It elevated youth as a distinct and valued stage of life

What trend in higher education affects costs and debt?

Rising financial concerns

What NCES indicator tracks undergraduate enrollment?

Undergrad-enrollment indicator

Which BLS chart compares unemployment and earnings by education level?

Education-earnings chart

Which NCES fast fact addresses online learning?

Fast Fact #80

Which BLS chart projects growing occupations?

Growing occupations chart