The Cultural Landscape Chapter 12: Services

Titris Hoyuk

________, in present- day Turkey, occupied a 50- hectare (125- acre) site and apparently had a population of about 10, 000.

Central place theory

________ was first proposed in the 1930s by German geographer Walter Christaller, based on his studies of southern Germany.

Convenience stores

________ and fast- food restaurants appeal to nearly everyone, whereas other goods and services appeal primarily to certain consumer groups.

New York

________ and Tokyo are the two large cities in MDCs.

enclosure movement

The ________ brought greater agricultural efficiency, but it destroyed the self- contained world of village life.

French law

________ required that each son inherit an equal portion of an estate, so the heirs established separate farms in each division.

London

________ presents more plays than the rest of the United Kingdom combined, and New York has nearly more theaters than the rest of the United States combined.

coolness index

The "________, developed by POV Magazine, combined the percentage of population in their 20s, the number of bars and other nightlife places per capita, and the number of art galleries per capita.

Hexagons

(________ represent a compromise between circles and squares .)

MDCs

________ have numerous small settlements with small thresholds and ranges, and far fewer large settlements with large thresholds and ranges.

World cities

________ may be centers of national or international political power.

Steel

________ was once the most important basic industry of Cleveland and Pittsburgh, but now health services such as hospitals and clinics and medical high- technology research are more important.

city block

A(n) ________ or apartment building that contains 100 families will generate more customers than a house containing only one family.

Talent

________ was measured by Florida as a combination of the percentage of people in the city with college degrees, the percentage employed as scientists or engineers, and the percentage employed as professionals or technicians.

temporary employment

Within business services, jobs expanded most rapidly in professional services (such as engineering, management, and law), data processing, advertising, and ________ agencies.

medical clinic

A settlement may offer a service such as a(n) ________, an advertising agency, or a film studio not found in other settlements of comparable size.

Denmark

In ________, København (Copenhagen) is a primate city with 1 million inhabitants, whereas the second- largest urban area, Aarhus, has only 200, 000, instead of the 500, 000 that the rank- size rule predicts.

Brian Berry

________ has documented a similar hierarchy of settlements in parts of the U.S. Midwest.

central place

A(n) ________ is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.

eastern Mediterranean

Settlements were first established in the ________ about 2500 B.C.

Modern industry

________ is managed by large corporations formed to minimize the liability to any individual owner.

Mesopotamia

Urban settlements may have originated in ________, part of the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East, and diffused at an early date to Egypt, China, and South Asia's Indus Valley.

reserves

Mining settlements are located near ________ of coal, petroleum, and other resources.

gravity model

The ________ predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Geographers

________ distinguish four levels of urban settlements according to their importance in the provision of business services.

consumer services

A settlement's economic base is important, because exporting by the basic industries brings money into the local economy, thus stimulating the provision of more nonbasic ________ for the settlement.

global circulation of capital

Offshore centers provide two important functions in the ________:

Muslim countries

________: Typically conform to the weekly calendar- once a week in each of six cities and no market on Friday, the Muslim day of rest.

particular location

The range and threshold together determine whether a good or service can be profitable in a(n) ________.

World cities

________ typically offer the most plays, concerts, operas, nightclubs, restaurants, bars, and professional sporting events.

MDCs

________ have a higher percentage of urban residents, but LDCs have more of the very large urban settlements.

New York

General business: Large metropolitan areas, especially Chicago, Los Angeles, ________, and San Francisco.

consumer services

In ancient times, a handful of urban settlements provided business and public services, as well as some ________ with large market areas.

Owning several discontinuous fields around a clustered rural settlement had several disadvantages

Farmers lost time moving between fields, villagers had to build more roads to connect the small lots, and farmers were restricted in what they could plant

If the threshold and range justify the service, the next geographic question is

Where should the service be located within the market area to maximize profit

Muslim countries

Typically conform to the weekly calendar-once a week in each of six cities and no market on Friday, the Muslim day of rest

General business

Large metropolitan areas, especially Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

High-tech industries support services

Austin, Orlando, and Raleigh-Durham

service

any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it

settlement

a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

consumer services

provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them

business services

used to facilitate other businesses

public services

used to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

clustered rural settlement

a place where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings

dispersed rural settlement

typical of the North American rural landscape, is characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements

enclosure movement

the British government transformed the rural landscape by consolidating individually owned strips of land surrounding a village into a single large farm, owned by an individual

urbanization

the process by which the population of urban settlements grows

central place theory

helps to explain how the most profitable location can be identified

central place

a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area

market area / hinterland

the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted

range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

threshold

the minimum number of people needed to support the service

gravity model

predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it

rank-size rule

the country's nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

primate city rule

the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

primate city

the country's largest city

basic industries

export primarily to consumers outside the settlement

Nonbasic industries

enterprises whose customers live in the same community—essentially, consumer services

economic base

a community's unique collection of basic industries