Animal Nutrition

nutrient

chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactation or maintenance of life processes

essential nutrient

required in the diet because it can’t be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities to satisfy metabolic needs

six essiential nutrients for ALL animals

water, carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins

early domestication

feed to prevent death or disease

1950s-2000s

maximize lifepsan or production efficiency

today

optimize cost, impact, or add value

carnivore

diet primarily consists of animal tissue

omnivore

diet primarily consists of both animal tisssue and plants

herbivore

diet primarily consists of plants

mono gastric

cat, dog, pig, chicken, horse

ruminant

cow, sheep, goat

hindgut fermenters

1 - compartment stomach

foregut fermenters

4 - compartment stomach

selection

the process of identifying what food is

Prehension

act of bringing food into the mouth

particle size reduction

mechanical breakdown of feedstuffs into smaller pieces to improve digestibility and nutrient absorption

mastication

(chewing) increases surface area to improve enzyme efficiency (greater access for enzymes)

saliva

moistens feedstuffs, may begin enzymatic digestion (pigs and dogs)

incisors

clip

canines

pierce and tear

premolars

grind

premolars in poultry

ventriculus

molars

crush

prehension for pig

snout

prehension for horse

lips

prehension for chicken

beak

prehension for cow and sheep

tongue (grazing), lips and teeth/dental pads, lips (bunk)

prehension for dog and cat

canine teeth

selection for sight

visually finding prey or avoiding predation

selection for smell

detecting food

selection for taste

identifying safety, quality (pig)

selection for touch

identifying safety, quality (horse)

selection for sound

Echolocation or sounnd cues food is present

Transportation

movement of ingested material through the digestive tract

mouth → _______→________→ small intestine → large intestine → ______

esphogus, stomach, rectum

Peristalsis

wavelike contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles in front of and behind a bolus of food

monogastric stomach

one compartment, very muscular

roles of the stomach

mix, store, proteins

parts of the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

duodenum

site of enzyme and bile production, where digestion occurs (pancreas, gall bladder/liver)

Jejunum

primary site of nutrient absorption

Ileum

some nutrient absorption

villi

carpet like lining inside small intestine

parts of the large intestine

cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum.

cecum

primary site of fermentation (esp. in horse and rabbit)

large colon

absorbs volatile fatty acids and water

small colon

absorbs water, forms digest into fecal balls

rectum

fecal storage and before defecation

metabolism

after mutrient of VFA absorption, products moved trough blood to the liver

liver

nutrient storage, conversion to other nutrients, synthesize bile