Nerve Injury Classification
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23 Terms
What is neuropraxia (Sunderland 1st degree)?
mild nerve injury involving segmental demyelination with no axonal damage
What happens to the action potential in neuropraxia?
slowed or blocked at point of demyelination
How does nerve conduction appear above and below the lesion in neuropraxia?
normal above and below point of compression
What is the typical cause of neuropraxia?
mild ischemia due to nerve compression or traction
What are common signs and symptoms of neuropraxia?
pain
muscle weakness
numbness
impaired proprioception
Is muscle atrophy common in neuropraxia?
no
How is proprioception affected in neuropraxia?
impaired
What is the recovery time for neuropraxia?
minutes to days
rapid recovery
What is axonotmesis?
nerve injury involving loss of axonal continuity while connective tissue coverings remain intact
What Sunderland classifications correspond to axonotmesis?
2 and 3 degree nerve injuries
What happens distal to the lesion in axonotmesis?
wallerian degeneration
What typically causes axonotmesis?
prolonged compression or stretch leading to infarction and necrosis
What are common signs and symptoms of axonotmesis?
pain
muscle wasting
complete loss of motor, sensory, and sympathetic function
In axonotmesis, which returns first sensation or motor function?
sensation
What is the recovery time for axonotmesis?
months
What is the rate of axonal regeneration in axonotmesis?
1 mm/day
1 inch/month
What is neurotmesis?
complete severance of nerve fiber with disruption of connective tissue coverings
3,4, and 5 nerve injuries
What happens distal to the lesion in neurotmesis?
wallerian degeneration
What are common causes of neurotmesis?
gunshot wounds
stab wounds
avulsion
rupture
What sensory symptom in seen in neurotmesis?
no pain (anesthesia)
What motor changes occur in neurotmesis?
severe muscle wasting with complete loss of motor function
What functions are lost in neurotmesis?
motor
sensory
sympathetic
What is the recovery potential for neurotmesis?
months and only with surgery