XP Quizzes

c. The method of tenacity

Which method of knowing is being used by a student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat?

a. The method of empiricism

b. The method of faith

c. The method of tenacity

d. The method of authority

Method of empiricism

A restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. Which method of acquiring knowledge is she using?

a. Method of empiricism

b. Rational method

c. Method of authority

d. Scientific method

Inductive reasoning

What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a general hypothesis?

1. Inductive reasoning

2. Deductive reasoning

3. Scientific reasoning

4. Predictive reasoning

c. Scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher's biases or beliefs

What is meant by saying that "science is objective"?

a. Scientific answers are based on direct observation.

b. Scientific answers are based on logical reasoning.

c. Scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher's biases or beliefs

d. Scientific answers are made available for evaluation by others.

d. All of the above.

 Which of the following is typical of quantitative research?

a. It involves measuring variables for each individual.

b. It usually involves numerical scores.

c. It uses statistical analysis to summarize and interpret results.

d. All of the above.

a. identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find e research questions.

The first step in the research process is

a. identifying a topic area and searching the literature to find e research questions.

b. forming a hypothesis

c. deciding which individuals should participate in the study. 

d. selecting a research strategy.

a. Only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of Research?

a. Only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

b. Only experiments involve comparing two or more groups of scores.

c. Only experiments can demonstrate that relationships exist between variables and provide a description of the relationship.

d. Only experiments can demonstrate a bidirectional relationship between variables

a. 1

Dr. Jones is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence people's moods during the winter, A sample of 100 households is selected. Fifty of the homes are randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr. Jones replaces all the lights with 1 00-watt bulbs. In the other 50 houses, all the lights are changed to 60 watt bulbs. After two months, Dr. Jones measures the level of depression for the people living in the houses. In this example, how many dependent variables are there?

a. 100

b. 50

c. 2

d. 1

a. the directionality problem

Research indicates the people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. However, it is unclear whether depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. What problem is demonstrated by this example?

a. the directionality problem

b. the third-variable problem

c. the extraneous variable problem 

d. the manipulation-check problem

c. It helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem. 

In an experiment, what is the purpose for manipulating the independent variable? 

a. It helps establish the direction of the relationship by showing that the dependent variable changes when you manipulate the independent variable. 

b. It helps eliminate the third-variable problem because you decide when to manipulate rather than waiting for the variable to change. 

c. It helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem. 

d. Manipulation does not establish the direction of the relationship or eliminate the third- variable problem 

b. Matching 

In an experiment comparing two treatments the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each condition has fifteen 7-year-old children and ten 8-year-old children. For this study, what method is being used to control participant age? 

a. Randomization 

b. Matching 

c. Holding constant

d. Limiting the range

a. internal validity, external validity

Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to ____, but it can limit the ____ of an experiment.

a. internal validity, external validity 

b. external validity, internal validity

c. internal validity, reliability 

d. external validity, reliability 

a. It provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect.

What is the purpose for using a control condition in an experiment?  

a. It provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect.

b. It minimizes the threat of a confounding variable. 

c. It is necessary to ensure the internal validity of the study. 

d. It is necessary to ensure the external validity of the study. 

a. Placebo versus treatment

An experiment includes a treatment condition, a no-treatment control, and a placebo control. Which two conditions should be compared to determine the size of the effect that is actually caused by the treatment? 

a. Placebo versus treatment 

b. Placebo versus no treatment 

c. Treatment versus no treatment 

d. You only need to look at the scores in the placebo control condition 

d. Minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable 

Which of the following is the primary goal for randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment? 

a. Increase the ability to generalize the results 

b. Avoid selection bias 

c. Ensure that the individuals in the sample are representative of the individuals in the population 

d. Minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable 

b. how the variables will be measured or manipulated.

In operational definitions, researchers define variables based on:

a. theoretical understanding. 

b. how the variables will be measured or manipulated.

c. existing literature.

d. the population being studied.

c. independent variable

Which type of variable is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?

a. dependent variable

b. control variable

c. independent variable

d. extraneous variable

d. experimental operational definition.

 In an experiment, a researcher manipulates participants' exposure to loud noise (high, moderate, or low) to assess its impact on attention The operational definition of noise" in this study is:

a. measured operational definition

b. theoretical definition.

c. conceptual definition.

d. experimental operational definition.

b. construct validity.

A researcher develops a new scale to measure anxiety. To ensure the scale measures anxiety accurately, the researcher examines whether the scale correlates with other established measures of anxiety. This process assesses:

a. Face validity.

b. construct validity.

c. content validity.

d. predictive validity.

a. internal validity.

In an experiment, the researcher ensures that all participants receive the same instructions and conditions except for the independent variable. This practice is intended to enhance:

a. internal validity.

b. interitem reliability.

c. test-retest reliability.

d. external validity.

d. regression to the mean

When extreme scores tend to move closer to the mean upon retesting, potentially masking true effects of an intervention, which threat to internal validity is present?

a. Instrumentation

b. History

c. Mortality

d. regression to the mean

d. mortality

A researcher conducts a longitudinal study on the impact of cognitive training. However, some participants drop out of the study over time, leaving fewer participants in the follow-up.

This dropout affects the final group comparison. Which threat to internal validity is this?

a. regression to the mean 

b. History

c. Maturation

d. mortality

b. maturation

Which threat to internal validity is characterized by participants naturally improving or deteriorating over time, unrelated to the experimental treatment?

a. regression to the mean

b. maturation 

c. History

d. testing effects

a. Instrumentation

If a researcher changes the way they measure a variable halfway through the study, this

introduces which threat to internal validity?

a. Instrumentation

b. Maturation

c. selection bias

d. testing effects

a. selection bias

A researcher is studying the effect of a therapy program on reducing depression. However, participants in the experimental group were already experiencing milder symptoms than those in the control group. The researcher concludes that the therapy is effective. What threat to internal validity has likely affected this study?

a. selection bias

b. History

c. Maturation

d. instrumentation