Specialized English & HSG Vocabulary - Week 10

Comprehensive vocabulary list derived from the Week 10 specialized English lecture notes, covering general terms, thematic units (environment, employment, science), and professional terminology.

Tunnel

An underground passage built for roads, railways, or pedestrians.

Terrace

A flat area or balcony, sometimes on a roof, used for sitting or eating outside.

Stew

A dish made of meat and vegetables cooked slowly in liquid.

Promptly

Exactly on time or without delay.

Itinerary

A detailed plan or route for a journey.

Bodhran

A traditional Irish drum.

Tin whistle

A traditional Irish musical instrument similar to a flute.

Fiddle

A term for the violin, often used in folk music.

Naked

Not wearing any clothes; bare.

Wretched

Feeling very unhappy, miserable, or of very poor quality.

Crooked

Not straight; bent or twisted.

Hooked

Shaped like a hook or curved.

Celestial

Relating to the sky, the heavens, or outer space.

Bountiful

Large in quantity; abundant or generous.

Counterpart

A person or thing that has the same position or function as another in a different place.

Cougar

A large wild cat also known as a mountain lion or puma.

Bounce

To spring back from a surface after hitting it.

Precision

The quality of being exact and accurate.

Orientation

The direction or position of something relative to its surroundings.

Culprit

A person who is responsible for a crime or a problem.

Overestimate

To value or estimate something too highly.

Underestimate

To value or estimate something too low.

Understate

To describe something as less important or serious than it really is.

Undercharge

To charge someone less than the correct price for something.

Indifference

A complete lack of interest, concern, or sympathy.

Disinterest

A lack of interest or involvement in something.

Vacant

Unoccupied or empty, such as a job position or a plot of land.

Penniless

Having no money at all; destitute.

The upshot

The final result or outcome of a situation.

Upkeep

The process or cost of keeping something in good condition.

Uproar

A state of noisy confusion, excitement, or public anger.

Upsurge

A sudden and significant increase in something.

Gleam

A small, faint light or a brief flash of an emotion.

Wink

A very short period of time or the act of closing one eye briefly.

Flicker

A momentary feeling or a quick, sudden movement of a body part.

Flash

A sudden bright light or a very brief moment.

Burglar

A person who breaks into a building to steal things.

Doubtful

Feeling uncertain or unlikely to happen.

Origin

The point or place where something begins or is created.

Inhabitant

A person or animal that lives in a particular place.

Livelihood

The way someone earns the money they need to pay for food, rent, and other necessities.

Predictable

Behaving or occurring in a way that is expected.

Temporary

Lasting for only a short or limited period of time.

Guidance

Advice or information provided by an experienced person to help solve a problem.

Repute

The general opinion or reputation that people have about someone or something.

Conquer

To take control of a territory or people by force.

Withdraw

To take back or remove something.

Advent

The arrival or beginning of a notable person, thing, or technology.

Spouse

A husband or wife.

Interfaith

Involving or relating to people of different religious faiths.

Mobility

The ability to move or be moved freely and easily between places or social classes.

Daunting

Intimidating or making someone feel nervous and less confident.

Curriculum

The subjects that are included in a course of study or taught by a school.

Foster

To encourage the development or growth of something.

Cohesion

The act or state of sticking together or forming a united whole.

Expendable

Of little significance and able to be abandoned or destroyed if necessary.

Instantiate

To represent or be an example of something.

Cater

To provide food and drink, or to provide what is needed for a specific group.

Legislation

The process of making laws or the laws themselves.

Configuration

The specific arrangement or shape of the parts of something.

Catastrophe

A sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction; a disaster.

Hazard

A danger or risk.

Divert

To cause something to change direction.

Effluent

Liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea.

Reformer

A person who works to improve a system or law.

Agitate

To argue or campaign energetically for a particular social or political change.

Sanitation

Systems for taking dirty water and waste away from buildings to maintain public health.

Hinterland

An area that is far from cities or the coast.

Locomotive

A powered railway vehicle used for pulling trains.

Commuter

A person who travels a long distance to work every day.

Accelerate

To start to happen more quickly or to make something happen faster.

Torrent

A large amount of water moving very fast.

Dichotomous

Divided into two parts that are completely different or opposite.

Chiefly

Mainly or mostly.

Discipline

A particular branch of knowledge or field of study.

Introspective

Tending to examine one's own thoughts and feelings.

Continuum

A continuous sequence where adjacent parts are similar but the extremes are very different.

Intrinsic

Belonging naturally to something; essential.

Merit

The quality of being good and deserving praise or reward.

Novel

New, original, and often strange.

Mound

A large pile or a small hill made of earth or stones.

Artefact

An object that is made by a person, such as a tool or ornament, that is of historical interest.

Remnant

A small part or amount that remains after the rest of something is gone.

Caver

A person who explores caves as a hobby.

Asteroid

A small rocky body that orbits the sun.

Replica

An exact copy of an object.

Indispensable

Too important to be without; making someone or something absolutely necessary.

Pursue

To follow or chase something or someone.

Strive

To try very hard to achieve something.

Stalk

To move slowly and quietly towards an animal or person in order to kill, catch, or harm them.

Kidnap

To take someone away illegally by force, usually to demand money for their return.

Shoplift

To take goods from a store without paying for them.

Blackmail

The crime of demanding money from a person by threatening to tell a secret about them.

Dense

Containing a lot of things or people very close together.

Daring

Brave and taking risks.

Provoke

To cause a reaction or a feeling, especially a negative one.

Whet

To increase someone's interest in and wish for something.

Gravity

The force that attracts objects towards one another; also means extreme seriousness.

Ferocity

The state of being frightening, violent, or cruel.

Hiring policy

A specific plan or set of rules used by a company for employing staff.